He strikes the golden lyre, Handel wrote the accompaniment for mandolin, harp, violin, viola, and violoncello. Handel reportedly attended a gymnasium in his hometown of Halle. He forged on, however, composing the oratorio Jephtha, which also contained a reference to obscured vision. [34] Overhearing this performance and noting the youth of the performer caused the Duke, whose suggestions were not to be disregarded, to recommend to Georg Hndel that Handel be given musical instruction. It is said the compositions spurred reconciliation between Handel and the king, supposedly annoyed by the composer's abandonment of his Hanover post. Interesting Facts. But George was drawn to things more artistic, especially more musical. Over the course of his musical career, Handel, exhausted by stress, endured a number of potentially debilitating problems with his physical health. Movements/Sections. John Beard appeared for the first time as one of Handel's principal singers and became Handel's permanent tenor soloist for the rest of Handel's life. Early 1737 he had produced Arminio and Giustino, completed Berenice, revived Partenope, and continued with Il Parnasso in Festa, Alexander's Feast, and the revised The Triumph of Time and Truth which premiered on 23 March. In 1712, This barber, Andreas Berger, happened to be the son-in-law of English. Handel also began to compose operas, making his debut in early 1705 with Almira. He is also believed to have suffered from anxiety and depression. The original form of his name, Georg Friedrich Hndel, is generally used in Germany and elsewhere, but he is known as "Haendel" in France. After the debut of Rinaldo, Handel spent the next few years writing and performing for English royalty, including Queen Anne and King George I. (He also Anglicized his name at this time, to George Frideric.) [123] Another 12 years had passed when an act of piracy caused him to take up Esther once again. Released during the 171011 London opera season, Rinaldo was Handels breakthrough. He kept on performing and composing, relying on his sharp memory to compensate when necessary, and remained actively involved in productions of his work until his dying day. Handels works of the next three years included the oratorios Joseph and His Brethren (first performed 1744) and Belshazzar (1745), the secular oratorios Semele (1744) and Hercules (1745), and the Dettingen Te Deum (1743), celebrating the English victory over the French at the Battle of Dettingen. In place of operas, oratorios became Handels new format of choice. [40] Much of this copying was entered into a notebook that Handel maintained for the rest of his life. "His cantatas, often highly dramatic, are distinguished by very imaginative choral writing, colorful orchestration, and skillful handling of the concerted element. Handel was known for being a generous man, even in death. In March 1734 Handel composed a wedding anthem This is the day which the Lord hath made, and a serenata Parnasso in Festa for Anne, Princess Royal.[112]. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. Under Zachow's tutelage, Handel mastered composing for the organ, the oboe and the violin alike by the time he was 10 years old. George Frideric Handel was born on February 23, 1685, to Georg and Dorothea Handel of Halle, Saxony, Germany. Lord Shaftesbury begged of Mr. Percival to bring him, and being a profess'd friend of Mr. Handel (who was here also) was admitted; I never was so well entertained at an opera! Under the New Royal Academy of Music, Handel produced two operas a year for the next decade, but Italian opera fell increasingly out of style in London. His orchestral Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks remain steadfastly popular. 2, HWV 397. There, Johann Praetorius, the headmaster, was believed to have been a very enthusiastic musician. 24, one of his most successful works (praised by Richard Wagner). He managed with great difficulty to finish the last of his oratorios, Jephtha, which was performed at Covent Garden Theatre, London, in 1752. Handel was required by the terms of his appointment, among other things, "to play the organ fittingly at Divine Service, and for this purpose to pre-intone the prescribed Psalms and Spiritual Songs, and to have due care to whatever might be needful to the support of beautiful harmony ", The first mention of Handel from the time he took his last communion at the Marktkirche on 23 April, Mainwaring gives the cryptic explanation that since he had to earn a living from his profession, he had to find a place less distant than Berlin. Omissions? [30], Sometime between the ages of seven and nine, Handel accompanied his father to Weissenfels, where he came under the notice of one whom Handel thereafter always regarded throughout life as his benefactor,[31] Duke Johann Adolf I. [155], After his death, Handel's Italian operas fell into obscurity, except for selections such as the aria from Serse, "Ombra mai fu". He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741), and is also known for such occasional pieces as Water Music (1717) and Music for the Royal Fireworks (1749). [10][d], Halle was a relatively prosperous city, home of a salt-mining industry and centre of trade (and member of the Hanseatic League). View more. After composing several more popular operas, in 1706 Handel decided to try his luck in Italy. Georg Hndel (senior) was born at the beginning of the war and was apprenticed to a barber in Halle at the age of 14 after his father died. Back in London, Handel organized a subscription season for 1743 that consisted exclusively of oratorios. "What Handel craved was personal freedom to raise himself out of his provincial milieu to a life of culture. We strive for accuracy and fairness.If you see something that doesn't look right,.css-47aoac{-webkit-text-decoration:underline;text-decoration:underline;text-decoration-thickness:0.0625rem;text-decoration-color:inherit;text-underline-offset:0.25rem;color:#A00000;-webkit-transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;transition:all 0.3s ease-in-out;}.css-47aoac:hover{color:#595959;text-decoration-color:border-link-body-hover;}contact us! After a course of treatment at Aachen (Germany), he was restored to health and went on to compose the Funeral Anthem for Queen Caroline (1737) and two of his most celebrated oratorios, Saul and Israel in Egypt, both of which were performed in 1739. One of these, Zadok the Priest, has been played at every British coronation ceremony since. [85] It is likely he was also invited by Charles Montagu the former ambassador in Venice to visit England. Handel was equally adept at the concerto form, especially the concerto grosso, in which he generally employed four or more movements. [46] It was German custom for friends and family to compose funeral odes for a substantial burgher like Georg,[47] and young Handel discharged his duty with a poem dated 18 February and signed with his name and (in deference to his father's wishes) "dedicated to the liberal arts. In Hamburg, Handel joined the violin section of the opera orchestra. Next came Deborah, strongly coloured by the coronation anthems[125] and Athaliah, his third English Oratorio. Samson was eventually followed by a run of Handels beloved Messiah. Handel was born in 1685, in a family indifferent to music. [120], Between 1978 and 1986 the German academic Bernd Baselt catalogued Handel's works in his Hndel-Werke-Verzeichnis publication. [79] He produced two other operas, Daphne and Florindo, in 1708. Although his father did not like the idea of his son pursuing a career in music, Handel followed his musical inclination, later becoming well known for his compositions. Among the most noted were Water Music (1717), Coronation Anthems (1727), Trio Sonatas op. 4 and Op. [58] Thomasius was an intellectual and academic crusader, who was the first German academic to lecture in German and also denounced witch trials. [128], It is evident how much he learned from Arcangelo Corelli about writing for instruments, and from Alessandro Scarlatti about writing for the solo voice; but there is no single composer who taught him how to write for chorus. Handel is an anglisised version of his German birth name Hndel . Georg Friedrich Hndel, (born Feb. 23, 1685, Halle, Brandenburgdied April 14, 1759, London, Eng. We may earn commission from links on this page, but we only recommend products we back. George Frideric Handel, German (until 1715) Georg Friedrich Hndel, Hndel also spelled Haendel, (born February 23, 1685, Halle, Brandenburg [Germany]died April 14, 1759, London, England), German-born English composer of the late Baroque era, noted particularly for his operas, oratorios, and instrumental compositions. Handel and the Royal Society of Musicians Betty Matthews [55] Modern biographers either accept the year as 1698, since most reliable older authorities agree with it,[o] and discount what Mainwaring says about what took place during the trip or assume that Mainwaring conflated two or more visits to Berlin, as he did with Handel's later trips to Venice. Since he left no explanation for the move[s] biographers have offered their own speculation. Handel's first two operas, Almira and Nero, were produced in 1705. George Frideric Handel was born on February 23, 1685, in Halle, Brandenburg (now in Germany). His most critically acclaimed work up to that date, it gained him the widespread recognition that he would maintain throughout the rest of his musical career. Birthday: February 23, 1685. [124] Three earlier performances aroused such interest that they naturally prompted the idea of introducing it to a larger public. In 1703, when Handel was 18 years old, he decided to commit himself completely to music, accepting a violinists position at the Hamburg Operas Goose Market Theater. He bequeathed a copy of Messiah to the institution upon his death. When he chooses, he strikes like a thunder bolt. To this room he constantly stole when the family was asleep". . From the age of 11 to the time he was 16 or 17, Handel composed church cantatas and chamber music that, being written for a small audience, failed to garner much attention and have since been lost to time. George was 74 years old at the time of death. There is a tantalising suggestion by Handel's biographer, Jonathan Keates, that he may have come to London in 1710 and settled in 1712 as a spy for the eventual Hanoverian successor to Queen Anne, CHRISSOCHOIDIS, I. A drawing in the Fitzwilliam [961], attributed to the British artist Joseph Goupy and entitled The Charming Brute, savages the great composer. [43] What is more, according to Mainwaring, Handel began composing, at the age of nine, church services for voice and instruments "and from that time actually did compose a service every week for three years successively. ), German-born British composer. He wrote the most famous of all oratorios, Messiah (1741). His passion for music would not be suppressed. (1985) and Handel's Last Chance (1996) and the stage play All the Angels (2015). (5 Mar 1685 greg.) Handel continued to compose a long string of oratorios throughout the remainder of his life and career. [132] The piece was a great success and it encouraged Handel to make the transition from writing Italian operas to English choral works. In 2001 Handels home on Brook Street (from 1723 to 1759) became the site of the Handel House Museum, established in memory of his legendary life and works. All dark amidst the blaze of noon. In 1797, Ludwig van Beethoven published the 12 Variations in G major on "See the conquring hero comes" from Judas Maccabaeus by Handel, for cello and piano. "[159] To Beethoven he was "the master of us all the greatest composer that ever lived. His most famous work, the oratorio Messiah with its "Hallelujah" chorus, is among the most popular works in choral music. Lang suggests that influenced by the teachings of Thomasius, Handel's character was such that he was unable to make himself subservient to anyone, even a king. [120], Il trionfo del tempo e del disinganno, an allegory, Handel's first oratorio[122] was composed in Italy in 1707, followed by La resurrezione in 1708 which uses material from the Bible. The performance was considered a great success and was followed by annual concerts that continued throughout his life. Description: German-British composer, musician, harpsichordist, organist, violinist and opera composer: Date of birth/death: 23 February 1685: 14 April 1759: Location of birth/death: Halle (Saale) London: Work period: Baroque: Authority control: Q7302; "[95] Another work, which he wrote for The 1st Duke of Chandos, the owner of Cannons, was Acis and Galatea: during Handel's lifetime, it was his most performed work. George Frideric Handel (German: Georg Friedrich Hndel) (23 February 1685 - 14 April 1759) was a German-British Baroque composer, famous for his operas, oratorios, anthems and organ concertos. [23] Whether Handel remained there, and if he did for how long, is unknown, but many biographers suggest that he was withdrawn from school by his father, based on the characterization of him by Handel's first biographer, John Mainwaring. George Frideric Handel (February 23, 1685 - April 14, 1759) was a leading composer of Baroque concerti grossi, operas, and oratorios. Lang sees Handel as someone who could not accept class distinctions that required him to regard himself as a social inferior. As always before, Handels passionate pursuit of music propelled him forward. Handel was portrayed by Jeroen Krabb as the antagonist in the film Farinelli (1994). George Frederic Handel, the famous composer, is buried in the south transept of Westminster Abbey. [87][88] He received a yearly income of 200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate, first performed in 1713.[89][90]. [11] However, since the middle of the war the city had been under the administration of the Duke of Saxony, and soon after the end of the war he would bring musicians trained in Dresden to his court in Weissenfels. In 1711 his opera Rinaldo was performed in London and was greeted so enthusiastically that Handel sensed the possibility of continuing popularity and prosperity in England. They also share the lyrical and dramatic qualities of Handel's Italian operas. Several works by the French composer Flix-Alexandre Guilmant use Handel's themes; for example, his March on a Theme by Handel uses a theme from Messiah. [m], Handel's father died on 11 February 1697. Halle (Sachsen-Anhalt), Germany, with biography . Please select which sections you would like to print: Also known as: Georg Friedrich Hndel, Georg Friedrich Haendel. [144] In 1751, one eye started to fail. [18] Anna died in 1682. "[48] At the time Handel was studying either at Halle's Lutheran Gymnasium or the Latin School. Born in Germany as Georg Friedrich Hndel (hndl), he lived most of his adult life in England, and became a subject of the British crown on January 22, 1727.His most famous piece is the Messiah, an oratorio set to texts from the King James Bible (an . Handel's hurried notes show very few corrections, ending with the magnificent Halleluiah chorus, glorifying the triumph of Christ over death. A harp and organ concerto (HWV 294) and Alexander's Feast were published in 1738 by John Walsh. The opera was instantly successful and achieved a 20-performance run. In 1747, Handel wrote his oratorio Alexander Balus. Oratorios, large-scale concert pieces, immediately caught on with audiences and proved quite lucrative. Handel was the son of a barber-surgeon. Eighteenth Century Music, 5(2), 237-244. doi:10.1017/S1478570608001504. It did not start as a critical edition, but after heavy criticism of the first volumes, which were performing editions without a critical apparatus (for example, the opera Serse was published with the title character recast as a tenor, reflecting pre-war German practice), it repositioned itself as a critical edition. For modern performance, the realisation of the basso continuo reflects 19th-century practice. When Italian operas fell out of fashion, he started composing oratorios, including his most famous, Messiah. With the Hallelujah Chorus as its centerpiece, George Frideric Handel's oratorio Messiah is probably the most famous piece of classical music in the world, performed thousands of times every. In 1713 he won his way into royal favour by his Ode for the Queens Birthday and the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate in celebration of the Peace of Utrecht, and he was granted an annual allowance of 200 by Queen Anne. "[69] Hogwood considers all of the oboe trio sonatas spurious and even suggests that some parts cannot be performed on oboe. While in there, Handel composed the operas Rodrigo and Agrippina, which were produced in 1707 and 1709 respectively. It went into decline for a variety of reasons, one of them being the impatience of the English with a form of entertainment in an unintelligible language sung by artists of whose morals they disapproved. He visited Anna Maria Luisa de' Medici and her husband in Dsseldorf on his way to London. He produced several operas with the Royal Academy of Music that, while well-liked, were not especially lucrative for the struggling academy. Despite his dedication to his music, at his fathers insistence, Handel initially agreed to study law at the University of Halle. the 1784 Commemoration of Handel, timed for that year 'as' (wrote Burney) 'it formed a complete cen-tury since his birth, and an exact quarter of a cen-tury since his death' (see p.92). On April 14, 1759, Handel died in bed at his rented house at 25 Brook Street, in the Mayfair district of London. "[64], Although Mainwaring records that Handel wrote weekly when assistant to Zachow and as probationary organist at Domkirche part of his duty was to provide suitable music,[q] no sacred compositions from his Halle period can now be identified. After Handel's death, many composers wrote works based on or inspired by his music. By 1750, Handel had entirely lost sight in his left eye. [103] By 1723 he had moved into a Georgian house at 25 Brook Street, which he rented for the rest of his life. Handel never married and kept his personal life private. The continuing Hallische Hndel-Ausgabe edition was first inaugurated in 1955 in the Halle region in Saxony-Anhalt, East Germany. ", Handel not only applied Kerll's techniques and phrases in later compositions, he imported an entire movement composed by Kerll into, There was no "king" in Berlin until 18 January 1701 when Frederick III, the Elector of Brandenburg, became, Among the careful authorities who accepted the trip taking place in 1698 were Handel's friend. In Italy, Handel met librettist Antonio Salvi, with whom he later collaborated. He had created for himself a new public among the rising middle classes, who would have turned away in moral indignation from the Italian opera but who were quite ready to be edified by a moral tale from the Bible, set to suitably dignified and, by now, rather old-fashioned music. Many historians until recently followed Chrysander and designated the six trio sonatas for two oboes and basso continuo as his first known composition, supposedly written in 1696 (when Handel was 11). [106] The words to Zadok the Priest are taken from the King James Bible. 2023 Hearst Magazine Media, Inc. Site contains certain content that is owned A&E Television Networks, LLC. He kept his interest in musical activities alive until the end. From it he received 5 thalers a year and lodgings in the run-down castle of Moritzburg. His fans worried that he would never compose again. The most significant reason for this change was the dwindling financial returns from his operas. [93], In 1717, Handel became house composer at Cannons in Middlesex, where he laid the cornerstone for his future choral compositions in the Chandos Anthems. His fame had spread throughout Italy, and his mastery of the Italian opera style now made him an international figure. Argentine composer Luis Gianneo composed his Variations on a Theme by Handel for piano. Astrological Sign: Pisces, Death Year: 1759, Death date: April 14, 1759, Death City: London, Death Country: United Kingdom, Article Title: George Frideric Handel Biography, Author: Biography.com Editors, Website Name: The Biography.com website, Url: https://www.biography.com/musicians/george-handel, Publisher: A&E; Television Networks, Last Updated: May 27, 2021, Original Published Date: April 2, 2014. The musicologist Winton Dean wrote that "Handel was not only a great composer; he was a dramatic genius of the first order. Enticed to experiment with a freelance music career there, in 1710 Handel left Venice and set out for London. [37] At the same time Handel continued practice on the harpsichord, and learned violin and organ, but according to Burney his special affection was for the hautbois (oboe). Zachow, Mainwaring asserts, was "often" absent, "from his love of company, and a cheerful glass", and Handel, therefore, performed on organ frequently. Almost blind, he died in 1759, a respected and rich man, and was given a state funeral at Westminster Abbey. [82] Agrippina was first produced in 1709 at Teatro San Giovanni Grisostomo in Venice, owned by the Grimanis. [154] With his English oratorios, such as Messiah and Solomon, the coronation anthems, and other works including Water Music and Music for the Royal Fireworks, Handel became a national icon in Britain, and featured in the BBC series, The Birth of British Music: Handel The Conquering Hero. Handel revised a number of Italian operas to fit this new format, translating them into English for the London audience. [137] Handel secured a balance between soloists and chorus which he never surpassed. In 1726, Handel decided to make London his home permanently and became a British citizen. For the first time, Handel allowed Gioacchino Conti, who had no time to learn his part, to substitute arias. The catalogue has achieved wide acceptance and is used as the modern numbering system, with each of Handel's works designated an "HWV" number--for example, Messiah is catalogued as "HWV 56". In 1705, Baroque composer George Frideric Handel he made his debut as an opera composer with Almira. no cheering ray To glad my eyes with welcome day. Except for a few visits to the European continent, Handel spent the rest of his life in England. (2008). Lang writes that the works "show thorough acquaintance with the distilled sonata style of the Corelli school" and are notable for "the formal security and the cleanness of the texture. Frustrated, Handel broke away from the Royal Academy and formed his own new company, calling it the New Royal Academy of Music. George Frideric Handel composed operas, oratorios and instrumentals. It is unclear whether Handel directed these performances. . [117][118] Deidamia, his last opera, a co-production with the Earl of Holderness,[119] was performed three times in 1741. The centenary of his death, in 1859, was celebrated by a performance of Messiah at The Crystal Palace, involving 2,765 singers and 460 instrumentalists, who played for an audience of about 10,000 people.[156]. In Saul, Handel was collaborating with Charles Jennens and experimenting with three trombones, a carillon and extra-large military kettledrums (from the Tower of London), to be sure "it will be most excessive noisy". Handel went back to Halle twice, to attend the wedding of his sister and the baptism of her daughter, but decided to settle permanently in England in 1712. With his opera Rinaldo, based on La Gerusalemme Liberata by the Italian poet Torquato Tasso, Handel enjoyed great success, although it was composed quickly, with many borrowings from his older Italian works. He was also a prolific writer of orchestral pieces and concerti grossi. Handel spent the years 170610 traveling in Italy, where he met many of the greatest Italian musicians of the day, including Arcangelo Corelli and Alessandro Scarlatti and his son Domenico. Schoelcher and Bone have it that Handel was seven and they were visiting a son by Georg's first marriage, who was in service to the Duke. As noted by music historian David Hunter, 32 per cent of the subscribers and investors in the Royal Academy of Music, or their close family members, held investments in the RAC as well.[99][100][101]. Recognized by prominent members of both the English aristocracy and the intelligentsia, Handel was in no hurry to return to Hanover. He suggested Handel use his small chorus and introduce the dancing of Marie Sall, for whom Handel composed Terpsicore. Handel, George Frideric, 1685-1759: Birth Year: 1685: Death Year: 1759: George Frideric Handel (b. Halle, Germany, 1685; d. London, England, 1759) became a musician and composer despite objections from his father, who wanted him to become a lawyer. Death City: Paris. Horoscope and astrology data of George Friedrich Hndel born on 23 February 1685 Jul.Cal. Handel left for Rome and since opera was (temporarily) banned in the Papal States, composed sacred music for the Roman clergy. In 1727, Handel was commissioned to write four anthems for the Coronation ceremony of King George II. Frdric Chopin was composing complex musical pieces at age 7. Zachow would be the only teacher that Handel ever had. A large-scale semidramatic work for chorus, soloists, and orchestra, it is the source of the familiar "Hallelujah Chorus." Messiah is by far the most frequently performed of all oratorios. [45] The problem with Mainwaring as an authority for this date, however, is that he tells of how Handel's father communicated with the "king"[n] during Handel's stay, declining the Court's offer to send Handel to Italy on a stipend[50] and that his father died "after his return from Berlin. [20] Two younger sisters arrived afterwards: Dorthea Sophia, born on 6 October 1687, and Johanna Christiana, born on 10 January 1690. 6, Op. When Handel was still a young boy, he had the opportunity to play the organ for the dukes court in Weissenfels. In 1861, using a theme from the second of Handel's harpsichord suites, Johannes Brahms wrote the Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, Op. [142] In 1750, he arranged a performance of Messiah to benefit the Foundling Hospital, a children's home in London. He received a yearly income of 200 from Queen Anne after composing for her the Utrecht Te Deum and Jubilate, first performed in 1713. In 1985, a committee was formed to establish better standards for the edition. Handel studied music with Zachau, organist at the Halle Cathedral, and became an accomplished . But despite the vagaries of public taste, Handel went on composing operas until 1741, by which time he had written more than 40 such works. "[45] Carelessness with dates or sequences (and possibly imaginative interpretation by Mainwaring) makes this period confused. 6 (1739) and Music for Royal Fireworks, completed a decade before his death. [17] George Frideric was the second child of this marriage; the first son was stillborn. I would uncover my head and kneel before his tomb. 2 (172233), Trio Sonatas op. 5 March] - 14 April 1759) was a German, later British, Baroque composer who spent the bulk of his career in London, becoming well known for his operas, oratorios . Handel studied music with Zachau, organist at the Halle Cathedral, and became an accomplished violinist and keyboard performer. Handel now began to experience trouble with his sight. Handel received his training in Halle and worked as a composer in Hamburg and Italy before settling in London in 1712, where he spent the bulk of his career and became a naturalised British subject in 1727. 107 for guitar, based on Handel's Suite No. [4] He was strongly influenced both by the middle-German polyphonic choral tradition and by composers of the Italian Baroque. The revivals in 1732 of Handels masques Acis and Galatea and Haman and Mordecai (renamed Esther) led to the establishment of the English oratorioa large musical composition for solo voices, chorus, and orchestra, without acting or scenery, and usually dramatizing a story from the Bible in English-language lyrics. He is said to have made significant contributions to all of the musical genres of his generation. memorial page for George Frideric . [129] Handel tended more and more to replace Italian soloists with English ones. Even the birth and death of Jesus are told in the words of the prophet Isaiah, . 5 in E major, HWV 430, for harpsichord. Auner Joseph H. (1996), "Schoenberg's Handel Concerto and the Ruins of Tradition", became a naturalised British subject in 1727, 3rd Earl of Burlington and 4th Earl of Cork, List of compositions by George Frideric Handel Oratorios, List of compositions by George Frideric Handel, Variations and Fugue on a Theme by Handel, Category:George Frideric Handel in fiction, Letters and writings of George Frideric Handel, "British Citizen by Act of Parliament: George Frideric Handel", "Royal Academy of Music to 'decolonise' collection as composer linked to slave trade", "George Frideric Handel Zadok the Priest", "Koninklijke speelklok van wereldklasse aangekocht", "Georg Friedrich Hndel and the Braamcamp clock", "The Birth of British Music: Handel The Conquering Hero", Journal of the American Musicological Society, Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association, The Musical Times and Singing Class Circular, Eighteenth-Century Ireland / Iris an D Chultr, International Music Score Library Project, George Frideric Handel cylinder recordings, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Frideric_Handel&oldid=1158858294, This page was last edited on 6 June 2023, at 17:46. 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