Knowledge of succeeding centuries is sparse. World History Encyclopedia. It played an important role in Greek myths, as the site of the stories of Cadmus, Oedipus, Dionysus, Heracles and others. Victorious, Thebes created a new Arcadian capital at Megalopolis and was now firmly established as the most powerful city-state in Greece. An alliance between these two would have been dangerous, but shortly after Spartas victory over Athens, it broke. Oedipus solved the riddle - man - and in a rage the Sphinx leapt to her death from the Theban acropolis. The end of this period is marked by evidence of earthquake and fire damage. But before then, its not like it was just sitting around doing nothing. Three years later, the Spartan garrison was expelled and a democratic constitution was set up in place of the traditional oligarchy. The growth of this trade in Thebes continued to such an extent that by the middle of the 12th century, the city had become the biggest producer of silks in the entire Byzantine empire, surpassing even the Byzantine capital, Constantinople. Books https://www.worldhistory.org/Thebes_(Greece)/. The wedding was solemnly celebrated in Cadmea in the presence of all gods. Minerva Magazine December 10, 2020 'Ancient Greece' conjures up many different things to many different readers. ", "Tracing the Line of Europa: Migration, Genealogy, and the Power of Holy Origins in Ancient Greek Narrative Knowledge and Cultural Memory". [58][59] There are a number of difficulties involved in this hypothesis, however, notably the assertion that Mycenaean society resulted from the triumph of the Minoan civilization over the mainland one. Given the absence of a Phoenician colony in Thebes, several hypotheses arguing against Cadmus' eastern origin have been proposed by modern scholars: According to historian Frederick M. Ahl, scholarly suggestions[note 4] that Cadmus was a Mycenaean must be taken into account against Cadmus' Phoenician origin, as for him it is becoming harder and harder to reconcile literary and archaeological evidence, not to mention epigraphical difficulties. They found the purest water in a lovely spring. Then, by fighting the Spartans, it also contributed to the fall of Sparta. The conflict between Ares and Cadmus was resolved by the marriage of Cadmus and Ares daughter. Among the few ancient ruins are remnants of the city walls, the palace of Cadmus (c. 14501350 bce), and the Ismeneion, or temple of Apollo Ismenius. Shortly after, in 362 BCE, Epaminondas fell in the indecisive Battle of Mantinea against a Spartan and Athenian led alliance. Thebes. For the next 10 years Thebes was the first military power in Greece; its commander Epaminondas invaded the Peloponnese (370362) and died at the Battle of Mantineia (362). It was in the time of Ogyges though, that a flood devastated Boeotia, possibly the Great Deluge linked with Deucalion and Pyrrha; and hence Cadmus came to a land devoid of settlement or people. [10][11] Modern scholarship has almost unanimously agreed with Herodotus concerning the Phoenician source of the alphabet.[12]. Europa was the apple of the eye of King Agenor and he was devastated at the news of his daughter's mysterious disappearance. Gill is a Latinist, writer, and teacher of ancient history and Latin. Moreover, the Thebans themselves were sold into slavery. After his sister Europa had been carried off by Zeus from the shores of Phoenicia, Cadmus was sent out by his father to find her, and enjoined not to return without her. "Cadmus and the Palm-Leaf Tablets". While he was having these thoughts, he was transformed into a serpent. [34], The dragon had been sacred to Ares, so the god made Cadmus do penance for eight years by serving him. It is the largest city in Boeotia and a major center for the area. Thebes ended on the losing side, though, and Philip established a Macedonian garrison in the city. Ancient Thebes was located in Greece Thebai (the ancient spelling of Thebes) is not in Egypt but somewhere in the middle of mainland Greece, about 90 km NW of Athens by road. As attested already in Homer's Iliad, Thebes was often called "Seven-Gated Thebes" ( , Thebai heptapyloi) (Iliad, IV.406) to distinguish it from "Hundred-Gated Thebes" ( , Thebai hekatompyloi) in Egypt (Iliad, IX.383). Another mythological story connected to the city is the legendary expedition of The Seven Against Thebes (and subject of the play of the same name by the 5th century BCE tragedian, Aeschylus). He estimated those tripods to date back to the time of Laius the great-grandson of Cadmus. Scientists have been baffled by this 2,000-year-old 'computer' since it was discovered 120 years ago. In 424 BC, at the head of the Boeotian levy, they inflicted a severe defeat on an invading force of Athenians at the Battle of Delium, and for the first time displayed the effects of that firm military organization that eventually raised them to predominant power in Greece. Typically - and to put it rather crudely - Sparta does war, Athens does art (very broadly interpreted), and Alexander the Great of Macedon does empire. Then, in c. 434 BC, when the Peloponnesian War broke out between Athens and Sparta, Thebes chose team Sparta. But ancient Greece didnt rise to fame on the backs of just two cities. By supporting the Spartans in the Peloponnesian War, it helped bring about the decline of Classical Athens. For that purpose, he sent his companions to look for pure water to do the sacrifice. The evidence, such as fortification of using Cyclopean stonework style, wall paintings and linear B script tablets, can back that claim. After Cadmus had scoured the earth and finally exhausted his search, he decided to settle in Greece. In 404 BC, they had urged the complete destruction of Athens; yet, in 403 BC, they secretly supported the restoration of its democracy in order to find in it a counterpoise against Sparta. There is evidence of palatial buildings of two stories and with wall paintings, greater fortifications (probably of a Cyclopean nature and referred to in Homer's Iliad), workshops (especially for jewellery), and stone-built aqueducts with terracotta pipes. bgr.com - Joshua Hawkins 16h. From the 13th century BCE there are also chamber tombs with benches and drains, some with wall paintings and precious grave objects such as gold jewellery and bronze weapons. Corrections? Though Sparta remained atop the Greek world for some thirty years, all this time gave Theban troops the battle experience they would need to defeat their Spartan foes. No small task, considering the Spartan army had long been considered the most powerful of the ancient world. Thebes is situated in a plain, between Lake Yliki (ancient Hylica) to the north, and the Cithaeron mountains, which divide Boeotia from Attica, to the south. However, when scaling the walls of Thebes, six of the seven champions, including Polyneikes, were killed. After 1240, the Saint Omer family controlled the city jointly with the de la Roche dukes. Thebes renewed its rivalry with Athens, which had joined with them in 395 BC in fear of Sparta, but since 387 BC had endeavoured to maintain the balance of power against its ally, preventing the formation of a Theban empire. Today, Thebes is a bustling market town, known for its many products and wares. [note 3] Therefore, the complete meaning of the name might be: "He who excels" or "from the east".[26]. The present city is the chief market town of a rich agricultural plain, trading in wheat, olive oil, wine, tobacco, and cotton, as well as silk manufacture. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Following Alexander the Great's death in 323 BC, Thebes was re-established in 315 BC[13] by Cassander, one of the diadochi who was ruling in Greece. 121, No. Though severely plundered by the Normans in 1146, Thebes quickly recovered its prosperity and continued to grow rapidly until its conquest by the Latins of the Fourth Crusade in 1204. Where to eat? Ancient Greek mythology tells us that Thebes was founded by a warrior prince from the Near East, in a region that is located in modern-day Lebanon. [33], Cadmus came in the course of his wanderings to Delphi, where he consulted the oracle. We want people all over the world to learn about history. Immigration produced a Boeotian mixed stock, including the Aegeids, a Dorian clan, and an oligarchy of large estates was regulated by laws passed about 725. World History Encyclopedia. Submitted by Mark Cartwright, published on 18 July 2012. ThoughtCo. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. In 1379, the Navarrese Company took the city with the aid of the Latin Archbishop of Thebes, Simon Atumano. It was also the place where the Sphinx - a mythical creature with a woman's head and a winged lion's body - appeared to terrorize the area until her riddle was solved. Cartwright, M. (2012, July 18). Tourism in the area is based mainly in Thebes and the surrounding villages, where many places of interest related to antiquity exist such as the battlefield where the Battle of Plataea took place. Fossils of one of the earliest pre-humans (Ouranopithecus macedoniensis, 9.6-8.7 million years ago), and of quite possibly the oldest direct ancestor of all humans (Graecopithecus, 7.2 million years ago) were found in Greece.In addition, 5.7 million year old footprints were found on the Greek island of Crete, which may suggest hominin evolution outside of Africa . While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. [45], Homer mentions Cadmus only once, but he had already referred to the inhabitants of Thebes with the name "Cadmeans". Cadmus was also to destroy the guard of Ares. 14 May 2021 Image Credit: Shutterstock About Thebes Thebes was a powerful city in Ancient Greece which rivalled Athens as a major force in Greek history and mythology, particularly in the stories of Oedipus, Dionysus and Hercules. Greeka About Myths Cadmus, the founder of Thebes Cadmus, the founder of Thebes Cadmus is known as the founder and the first king of Thebes, a powerful town in the ancient times, close to Athens. Thebes Greek Mythology For the next 10 years it was the chief military power in Greece. In 364 BCE Pelopidas was killed (but victorious) in the Battle of Kynoskephalai which forced Macedonia to join the Theban led Boeotian League. His parentage is sometimes modified to suit, e.g. Europa's brothers Cilix and Thasus likewise gave up the search for their sister and settled in regions founding cities that were also named after them: Cilicia, in Asia Minor and Thassos, on a small island of the eastern Aegean. For Thebes, though, much of its street cred came from mythology. Special interests include art, architecture, and discovering the ideas that all civilizations share. For example, when it chose to help Athens, Athens did better. Sign up for our free weekly email newsletter! [9], Alexander spared only priests, leaders of the pro-Macedonian party and descendants of Pindar. Among the few ancient remains are remnants of the city walls, the Mycenaean palace (c. 14501350 bc), and a temple of Apollo. Some Rights Reserved (2009-2023) under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike license unless otherwise noted. Below is the article summary. Nearby were found the remains of 254 men though whether these are the bodies of The Sacred Band is not . [15] Major contributions were sent from Megalopolis, Messene, and as far away as Sicily and Italy.[15]. The Enchelians were engaged in a war with a neighbouring tribe that time, but with Cadmus as their leader, they managed to win. Online version at the Perseus Digital Library. [17] According to one view,[note 1] the name originates from Phoenician, from the Semitic root qdm, which signifies "the east", the equation of Kadmos with the Semitic qdm was traced to a publication of 1646 by R. B. The World History Encyclopedia logo is a registered trademark. The Homeric picture of the Mycenaean age betrays extremely little awareness of writing, possibly reflecting the loss during the Dark Age of the earlier Linear B script. Archaeological excavations in and around Thebes have revealed a Mycenaean settlement and clay tablets written in the Linear B script, indicating the importance of the site in the Bronze Age. Greek legend attributes the founding of the ancient citadel, Cadmea, to the brother of Europa, Cadmus, who was aided by the Spartoi (a race of warriors sprung from dragons teeth that Cadmus had sown). [34] This necklace, commonly referred to as the Necklace of Harmonia, brought misfortune to all who possessed it. In 338 BC, Thebes lost the Battle of Chaeronea to Philipp the II of Macedon. It revolted c. 380 bc and defeated Sparta at the battles of Tegyra (375 bc) and Leuctra (371 bc). While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Thebes, Modern Greek Thva, dmos (municipality) and city, Central Greece (Modern Greek: Stere Ellda) perifreia (region). Cite This Work For its participation in the Achaean revolt, the city eventually fell under Rome and was stripped of half its territory in 86 by the Roman general Sulla. In Greek mythology, Cadmus ( / kdms /; Greek: , translit. When Europa stepped on the bull to stroke him, the bull promptly ran off with Europa on his back and, swimming through the sea, he arrived in Crete where Europa realized that she had been abducted by none other than the chief god himself. The revulsion of popular feeling in Thebes was expressed in 338 BC by the orator Demosthenes, who persuaded Thebes to join Athens in a final attempt to bar Philip's advance on Attica. Please note that some of these recommendations are listed under our old name, Ancient History Encyclopedia. He was also the brother of Europa, who was abducted by Zeus in the guise of a white bull. For the inhabitants of the ancient Egyptian city, see, For a discussion of the many mythical kings of Thebes and their individual feats, see, Portions of the historical section were taken from the, Plutarch's Lives, Volume III, Life of Alexander, Chapter 13, practice of pedagogic pederasty for which Thebes was famous, " - 2011. Regents of Thebes are alphanumbered (format AN) with, The number N refers to the regency preceding the reign of the N. The letter A refers to the regency sequence. [48] Since Herodotus Cadmus has been commonly described as a prince of Phoenicia. Alongside the Boeotian League, the name given to the alliance of cities and towns in the region of Boeotia, Thebes served as the de facto leader of Greece for a few decades. So Cadmus and Harmonia left and traveled to Illyria (which they also founded) first handing over the kingship of Thebes to their son Polydorus, father of Labdacus, father of Laius, father of Oedipus. So the sacred dragon of Ares had its final sweet revenge. Although he probably didn't find her at the end, the Fates had planned a great life for him. In 1970 clay tablets confirming Mycenaean-Minoan links were found, while the discovery of Mesopotamian cylinder seals in 1964 strengthened the theory that Cadmus introduced writing to Greece. In 338 BCE Thebes joined old rivals Athens and Corinth in order to face the invading Philip (now King) of Macedonia in the Battle of Chaironeia. It was a major rival of ancient Athens, and sided with the Persians during the 480 BC invasion under Xerxes I. Theban forces under the command of Epaminondas ended Spartan hegemony at the Battle of Leuctra in 371 BC, with the Sacred Band of Thebes, an elite military unit of male lovers celebrated as instrumental there. However, the misfortunes and tragedies in his family continued to trouble him profoundly. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. The city, located 31 miles north of Athens, is situated on a plain bordered by the Cithaeron Mountains and Lake Yliki and is still populated today. It was an important city-state and has references in Greek history as well as mythology. Comprising a hundred and fifty male couples, Thebes's Sacred Band was undefeated until it was wiped out in 338 B.C. [49], Modern historian Albert Schachter has suggested that Cadmus was a fictitious hero named after the Thebean acropolis and was made 'Phoenician' due to the influence of immigrants from the East to Boeotia. Updated on July 23, 2018 The founder of Thebes is known as Cadmus or Kadmos. Cadmus is an iconic figure from Greek mythology, also known as Kadmos. If you continue to use this site we will assume that you are happy with it. Harmonia, seeing the transformation, thereupon begged the gods to share her husband's fate, which they granted (Hyginus). The city is in a strategic location within a low plateau within the plains of Boeotia. It was not as big as Athens or Sparta but it has an equally significant history if we look back at Ancient Greece. But this was also one of the first examples of the Oracle at Delphi impacting Greek mythology and religion. When it chose Sparta, Sparta did better., Eventually, all of this assistance allowed Thebes to develop a strong military tradition of its own, and its growing aggression helped bring about the end of the Classical Age of ancient Greece (c. 600- c. 200 BC)., Thebes was probably one of the first cities ever settled by the people we now call Greeks. Its difficult to know exactly when people started living there, but there is evidence of a Mycenaean Thebes. Cadmus. This is the background for the first of three sets of stories from Greek mythology about Thebes. Five main cycles of story may be distinguished: The Greeks attributed the foundation of Thebes to Cadmus, a Phoenician king from Tyre (now in Lebanon) and the brother of Queen Europa. "Theban woman").[2]. Map of Greece during the height of Theban power in 362 BC, showing Theban, Spartan and Athenian power blocks, via Wikipedia He punished the valiant hero with servitude for a period of eight years, after which Ares not only forgave Cadmus but also gave him the hand of his daughter, Harmonia, in marriage. The Delphic Oracle told Cadmus to look for a cow with a lunar sign on either side, to follow where the cow went, and to make sacrifices and establish a town where the bull lay down. The dragon happened to be son of Ares, the god of warfare. It is about 50km (31mi) northwest of Athens, and 100km (62mi) southeast of Lamia. 1 (Spring, 2000), pp. The women of Thebes were famed for their skills at weaving. Immediately he began to grow scales and change in form. In the ancient times, the noble families of Thebes claimed their descent directly from these five Spartoi. Hostility to Athens over mutual interest in the Plataea district led in the 5th century to Theban collaboration with Persia and, later, with Sparta. Do you have a question about Greece and the Greek islands? Later, when Rome invaded, its territory was cut in half, and Thebes became nothing more than an afterthought of history., Still, despite this quick exit, the city-state of Thebes made lots of noise throughout ancient Greece. The House of Thebes : According to most popular legend, though there are variations in different sources, Thebes was founded this way. The early Archaic period After performing the last rites to his mother, Cadmus went on a pilgrimage to the oracle of Delphi to ask for his sister. The citys fortunes wavered between independence and subjugation. In the nineteenth century, the mass grave of the men was found. Or known by another lunar name, Argiope, "she of the white face" (Kerenyi 1959:27). 1. 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