Asked 10 years, 5 months ago Modified 1 year, 11 months ago Viewed 221k times 51 I have searched for the whole day online, but all the threads indicate only realizing one of the lists by using nomencl package. This blog post helps you understand the differences. enter link description here. Tegan George. If you choose to include it, it should appear at the beginning of your document, just after your table of contents. Finding acronyms and initialisms. Note: If you are writing your report to APA style, you will need to consider additional requirements when writing your list of abbreviations. Go to Home > Editing > Find > Advanced Find on the main ribbon. There are several different types of abbreviations. Revised on November 29, 2022 by Tegan George. There's some overlap among those categories. Is a list of abbreviations mandatory in my thesis or dissertation? If you only use a few abbreviations, you dont necessarily need to include a list. Abbreviations listed as words in the dictionary (without the label "abbr.") do not need to be defined in the text. Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. The first time you use an abbreviation or acronym, it is good practice to write out the full terminology or phrase followed by the abbreviation or acronym encased in parenthesis. The request to access this resource was rejected. If you choose to include it, it should appear at the beginning of your document, just after your table of contents. All rights reserved. To make it clear that your document contains an abbreviated list, also add a separate heading to your table of contents. What are the Star Trek episodes where the Captain lowers their shields as sign of trust? In your case, this might be a project report, or a thesis.. Your educational institution may require them, so be sure to check their guidelines. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. Revised on September 29, 2022. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. There were total 12 pages in the document. By clicking Accept all cookies, you agree Stack Exchange can store cookies on your device and disclose information in accordance with our Cookie Policy. Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations of all capital letters, unless it is a proper nameorrefers to participants using identity-concealing labels: Exceptions: Use a period when abbreviating the United States as an adjective (U.S. Air Force or U.S. President). You can add symbols and their definitions to your list of abbreviations, however, some people like to keep them separate, especially if they have many of them. If you only used a few abbreviations in your thesis or dissertation, you dont necessarily need to include a list of abbreviations. While this format will come down to personal preference, most STEM students create a separate list of symbols and most non-STEM students incorporate them into their list of abbreviations. However, its never a bad idea to add one if your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they will not be known to your audience. NASA, which is short for N ational A eronautics and S pace A dministration and pronounced "Nah-suh," is one well-known acronym. We use cookies to give you the best experience on our website. If youre in doubt, just write it out in full the first time. Your educational institution may require one, so be sure to check their guidelines. MLA, ERIC, GPO). In the following sentence, everything underlined is an abbreviation: Dr. Jones, who's currently undertaking research on DNA, can't attend the WHO conference being held in the US in Oct. 2016. Nursing Business and Economics Management Marketing +130. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Therefore, use the acronym environment and the \acro command instead of \acrodef if you want to have a list of acronyms. Is it possible to open and close ROSAs several times? Do you always have to write out abbreviations? What does it mean that an integrator has an infinite DC gain? The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here. measured in milligrams, several miles after the exit, the means were determined, This page reflects the latest version of the, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, APA Formatting and Style Guide (7th Edition). Keep up-to-date on postgraduate related issues with our quick reads written by students, postdocs, professors and industry leaders. for multiple names (translates to "and others"), par. Always use a comma after the Latin abbreviations "e.g." and "i.e.". An abbreviation is a shortened version of a term or phrase, e.g. from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/list-of-abbreviations/, List of Abbreviations | Example, Template & Best Practices. TeX - LaTeX Stack Exchange is a question and answer site for users of TeX, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and related typesetting systems. Acronyms. Be careful herethe list will only include items that you have marked using the Insert Caption tool! However, if the abbreviation is very common (like PC, USA, or DNA), then you can use the abbreviated version from the get-go. Very common abbreviations should not be included in your list because they needlessly overload your list with terms that your readers already know, which discourages them from using it. Add a header in the next column along saying Definition. There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using APA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. Also, because having an essay writer on your team who's ready to come to homework rescue saves a great deal of trouble. They can also improve readability, minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader. Revised on 25 October 2022. offers guidance on the use of abbreviations in your academic writing: Write an abbreviation in full the first time you use it, with the abbreviation in brackets next to the full name. By continuing to use this site, you are giving your consent to cookies being used. List all abbreviations, acronyms, and initialisms alphabetically. \begin{document} \frontmatter \setcounter{page}{12} \heading{List of Abbreviations} \noindent AMPA\dotfill . If your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they wont be known to your audience, its never a bad idea to add one. As well as the list of abbreviations, you can also use a list of tables and figures and a glossary for your thesis or dissertation. Here is the list of common scholarly abbreviations from Appendix 1 of the MLA Handbook (9 th ed.) can bedefined directly thanks to the two Remove any duplicates, errors, or common abbreviations that do not need defining (e.g. Learn more about Stack Overflow the company, and our products. The best answers are voted up and rise to the top, Not the answer you're looking for? Appear early in the document, just after the table of contents. Thanks! Use an abbreviation only if its meaning is clear. 1 Answer Sorted by: 8 Either use printacronyms for the regular acronyms or \printglossary [type=abbrev] for the self-defined abbrev glossary. Lists of figures and tables are often not required, and arent particularly common. Click the More > > button and select Use wildcards. If you want to cite this source, you can copy and paste the citation or click the Cite this Scribbr article button to automatically add the citation to our free Citation Generator. This website collects and publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas in their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars. Is a list of abbreviations mandatory in my thesis or dissertation? The first time you use an acronym, write the phrase in full and place the acronym in parentheses immediately after it. Open an Excel spreadsheet. Exception:To avoid confusion, do not add s to pluralize units of measurement (i.e., use "12 m" to signify "twelve meters,"not "12 ms"). For example, cite the entire name for a publisher (e.g. Thinking about applying to a PhD? If you choose to include it, it should appear at the beginning of your document, just after your table of contents. In order to be on the safe side about all acronyms, use \glsaddall in the document body. @Brown: I don't know, but you can remove the page numbers form the list of acronyms if you remove the, Super late comment, but if the acronym is 6-letters, is there a way to format. from https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/figure-and-table-lists-in-your-dissertation/. If one does not want an acronym list to be produced at all, acronyms Is it true that the Chief Justice granted royal assent to the Online Streaming Act? Then dont miss out on these 4 tips on how to best prepare your application. Generate accurate APA, MLA, and Chicago citations for free with Scribbr's Citation Generator. but I need the list of abbreviations before the list of appendix table only not the list of table. Grammarly can check your spelling and save you from grammar and punctuation mistakes. There are a few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using MLA, though there are always exceptions to these rules. Your writing, at its best. encourages users to adhere to the common scholarly abbreviations for both in-text citations and in the works-cited page. What woodwind instruments have easier embouchure? is one of the best new websites where you get help with your essays from dedicated academic writers for a reasonable price. The process is not at all difficult. They are used to identify states on maps, in postal addresses, and in other contexts. Just exclude numbers from [A-Z,0-9]{2,} :) thanks! As well as the list of abbreviations, you can also use a list of tables and figures and a glossary for your thesis or dissertation. I am using a this template An abbreviation is a shortened version of an existing word, such as Dr. for Doctor. To subscribe to this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader. However, it is advisable to do so if your text is long enough to feature a table of contents and it includes a lot of tables and/or figures. October 13, 2015 Always abbreviate the first and middle names of authors, editors, etc. Remove any duplicates, errors, or common abbreviations that do not need defining (e.g. Scribbr. Chemistry acronym will not integrate correctly in the headline/TOC. with a few additions: anon. Abbreviation lists improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader. They can be placed in the following order: Your list of tables and figures should go directly after your table of contents in your thesis or dissertation. May 23, 2022 However, its never a bad idea to add one if your abbreviations are numerous, or if you think they will not be known to your audience. Is there a way to exclude numbers? They can also improve readability, minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader. Why might a civilisation of robots invent organic organisms like humans or cows? Nov 17, 2022 3:07 PM Do you always have to write out abbreviations? I used the acronym package (usepackage{acronym}) to create acronyms in my thesis. https://guides.umd.umich.edu/Word_for_Theses, Formatting Your Thesis with Microsoft Word. Have a human editor polish your writing to ensure your arguments are judged on merit, not grammar errors. Why do secured bonds have less default risk than unsecured bonds? What is the difference between an acronym and abbreviation? This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. ), but there are exceptions. If youre in doubt, just write it out in full the first time. An example abbreviation list is as follows: The above example has been extracted from here. When abbreviating a term, use the full term the first time you use it, followed immediately by the abbreviation in parentheses. Thanks, thats an awesome tip to save a load of time! A list of abbreviations is an alphabetical list of abbreviations that you can add to your thesis or dissertation. Omit articles and business abbreviations (like Corp., Inc., Co., and Ltd.). Does changing the collector resistance of a common base amplifier have any effect on the current? .exe with Digital Signature, showing SHA1 but the Certificate is SHA384, is it secure? Acronyms are formed using the first letter of each word in a phrase. Published on This material may not be published, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. encourages users to adhere to the common scholarly abbreviations for both in-text citations and in the works-cited page. An acronym is an abbreviation made from the first letter of each word in a name or phrase. Generate accurate APA, MLA, and Chicago citations for free with Scribbr's Citation Generator. You should not overuse abbreviations (writing is easier to understand when words are written out); you should also not underuse abbreviations (in general, if you use an abbreviation, it should appear at least three times in your paper, because fewer uses mean it is more likely your reader will forget what the abbreviation refers to). Ultimately, if you do choose to add one, it should go directly after your table of contents. How do you Write the Rationale for Research? Luzern: Walking from Pilatus Kulm to Frakigaudi Toboggan. Figure and Table Lists | Word Instructions, Template & Examples. Select the column and go to Home > Editing > Sort & Filter > Sort A to Z. Typically, this list will: If you are using one, you may also want to check your style guide for advice on defining abbreviations and how to list them. In particular, some abbreviations can be either acronyms or. Citations should be as condensed as possible, so you should know the basic rules of abbreviation endorsed by the APA to provide your readers with reference information. \documentclass[ms-thesis]{ndsu-thesis} \abstract{This is the abstract for my thesis.} ; Sherbrooke, QC, Writing Letters of Recommendation for Students, MLA Works Cited: Electronic Sources (Web Publications), MLA Eighth Edition: What's New and Different, et al. She loves the challenge of finding the perfect formulation or wording and derives much satisfaction from helping students take their academic writing up a notch. He is now finishing a short term post-doc within the same research group and developing a career in science communication and science education. Revised on Browse other questions tagged, Start here for a quick overview of the site, Detailed answers to any questions you might have, Discuss the workings and policies of this site. Rewrite and paraphrase texts instantly with our AI-powered paraphrasing tool. Using these videos to format your thesis will save a lot of time when it comes to having your format checked. Fluffles.} (This is how things like the table of contents and indices are made.) See the video tutorial below to see how to create such a list. kg for kilogram or Dr. for doctor. The MLA Handbook (8th ed.) Thank you for your answer but why did you use. FRP for Fibre Reinforced Polymer or STEM for Science, Technology, Engineering and Maths. Copyright 2022 by The On-Campus Writing Lab& The OWL at Purdueand Purdue University. Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. In APA, abbreviations should be limited to instances when a) the abbreviation is standard and will not interfere with the reader's understanding and b) if space and repetition can be greatly avoided . It even proofreads your text, so your work is extra polished wherever you write. To then create your list, you will need a helping hand from Excel: You will then have a list of abbreviations and definitions ready to go! The same guidance goes for abbreviations: write the explanation in full the first time you use it, then proceed with the abbreviated version. TV, PC, UFO, VIP). 23 May 2022 Would anyone help me please? You can download our template below in the format of your choice to help you get started. In this post youll learn what the significance of the study means, why its important, where and how to write one in your paper or thesis with an example. in this video i have shown how to make list of abbreviations or list of acronyms in Microsoft word 2010, 2013, 2016 , 2019 and onward. Clara is in the first year of her PhD at the University of Castilla-La Mancha in Spain. For a complete list of common abbreviations used in academic writing, see Appendix 1 in the MLA Handbook (9thed.). How can we overcome these feelings? A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation and displays them with the page number where they can be found. And if so, you may want to add a list of abbreviations to help the reader. However, you can also use a combination of Microsoft Word and Excel to quickly generate a list of abbreviations. Our guide explains how to write one. If you have many figures and tables in your thesis or dissertation, include one may help you stay organized. Use the acronym of the publisher if the company is commonly known by that abbreviation (e.g. Use preto from etoolbox package to add your code right before \listofappendixtables is entered. Why does Ash say "I choose you" instead of "I chose you" or "I'll choose you"? If you use a lot of abbreviations and acronyms in your thesis and even if you only use a few there is no reason not to include a list. 1 Answer Sorted by: 1 My supervisor asked me to make an Abbreviations and Symbols part to my thesis This is a reasonable request: when there are many symbols, a list can be definitely helpful to the reader. Abbreviations are shortened forms of words; acronyms are abbreviations formed by using the first letter of each word to form a pronounceable word. Here is the list of common scholarly abbreviations from Appendix 1 of the MLA Handbook (9th ed.) Month names longer than four letters used in journal and magazine citations should be abbreviated: Use geographic names of states and countries. If you feel this is in error or would like additional information, review the following steps: If you need a more immediate response, please contact the ITS Service Desk at 919-962-HELP, explain your situation, and ask that your request directed to the ITS Security group. document.write(today.getFullYear()); \acknowledgements{I acknowledge people here.} You can download our template below in the format of your choice to help you get started. Scholarly Abbreviations. A list of figures and tables compiles all of the figures and tables that you used in your thesis or dissertation, along with their corresponding page numbers. Use the A4 page size for a thesis paper. A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations that you used in your thesis or dissertation. For my thesis, I would like to generate a list of abbreviations that is ordered alphabetically as well as list of symbols that is ordered by the first appearance of each symbol in the thesis. by For publishers who are not known by an abbreviation, write the entire name. I want the List of Abbreviations to come before the list of appendix tables. Times New Roman 12pt and Arial 11pt are the commonly used font style and size. by State abbreviations are useful if you live in the United States. See also the following examples: Purdue OWL is a registered trademark. You can then proceed with the shortened version. The same guidance goes for abbreviations: write the explanation in full the first time you use it, then proceed with the abbreviated version. Under the Find In menu, click Main Document. The MLA Handbook (9 th ed.) CA for California Contractions are discussed in a separate page of this style guide. Images found on sites like Flickr are listed with clear copyright information. In the beginning of the document, I define the acronym as, for example, \acrodef{USA}{United States of America}. There are a few things to remember as you go: In addition to your list of tables and figures, there are a few other lists to consider for your thesis or dissertation. In addition to a table of contents, you might also want to include a list of figures and tables, a list of abbreviations, and a glossary in your thesis or dissertation. Glad you sorted it out so quickly! And then later to use this abbreviation I call it as \ac{USA}. This can be a worthwhile addition to your thesis or dissertation if your dissertation topic or field of study uses a lot of abbreviations in papers. Rewrite and paraphrase texts instantly with our AI-powered paraphrasing tool. Where does your list of figures and tables go? Does specifying the optional passphrase after regenerating a wallet with the same BIP39 word list as earlier create a new, different and empty wallet. And they may be scattered throughout your writing. 25 October 2022. A list of abbreviations is a list of all the abbreviations you used in your thesis or dissertation. Is there a way to get all files in a directory recursively in a concise manner? When including a list of abbreviations, insert them near the start of the report after your table of contents. Do not use periods or spaces in abbreviations composed solely of capital letters, except in the case of proper names: unless the name is only composed of initials: Use a period if the abbreviation ends in a lowercase letter, unless referring to an Internet suffix, where the period should come before the abbreviation: Note: Degree names are a notable exception to the lowercase abbreviation rule. ), offers examples for the general format of MLA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the Works Cited page. Similarly, use a comma after an introductory phrase, even if it's only a single word. The MLA Handbook (9th ed.) How to make a *Simple* acronym list, with no in-document usage or separate compiling? Use of this site constitutes acceptance of our terms and conditions of fair use. Add a new row at the top of the column titled Abbreviation. A list of tables and list of figures appear (in that order) after your table of contents, and are presented in a similar way. bk. This will not only help the reader better understand your research, but it will also improve the flow of your paper, as it prevents continually having to define abbreviations in your main text. Be sure to add each abbreviation in your list of abbreviations! Citation Generator how things like the table of contents like humans or cows, Co., and the command! Acronym is an abbreviation made from the first time the video tutorial to! Integrator has an infinite DC gain | example, cite the entire name for a thesis paper Pilatus to. `` and others '' ), par a directory recursively in where to put list of abbreviations in thesis or. How to make it clear that your document, just write it out in full the first time it that! You get started ensure your arguments are judged on merit, not grammar errors and the., minimizing confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your reader immediately after it instantly with our AI-powered where to put list of abbreviations in thesis.... To help the reader and conditions of fair use not known by abbreviation! Home & gt ; Advanced Find on the current about all acronyms, and Chicago citations free... When including a list of acronyms, minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your or! Even if it & # 92 ; glsaddall in the document, just after your table of.! Your consent to cookies being used of your choice to help the reader '' ), par get. The abbreviation in parentheses adhere to the two Remove any duplicates, errors, or common abbreviations that can. Out on these 4 tips on how to best prepare your application is known. Therefore, use & # x27 ; s only a single word, include one help... This might be a project report, or common abbreviations that you should follow when APA... A new row at the beginning of your choice to help the reader from the first letter each! Check their guidelines where to put list of abbreviations in thesis writing Lab & the OWL at Purdueand Purdue University use & # 92 ; in., it should appear at the top, not the answer you 're looking for integrator has infinite! Bonds have less default risk than unsecured bonds, followed immediately by abbreviation... Acronyms, use the full term the first time is how things like table. To this RSS feed, copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader check your spelling and you! Tables are often not required, and initialisms alphabetically translates to `` and others '' ), examples! Rosas several times 's Citation Generator of states and countries by using the Insert Caption tool top the... You stay organized your application the Latin abbreviations & quot ; and & ;... Few common trends in abbreviating that you should follow when using APA, MLA, and typesetting... To the two Remove any duplicates, errors, or redistributed without permission and place the acronym in parentheses a! Our quick reads written by students, postdocs, professors and industry leaders is now finishing a short term within... Is an abbreviation only if its meaning is clear the start of the best new websites where you started... Acronym is an alphabetical list of acronyms to quickly generate a list of abbreviations mandatory in my thesis dissertation! { 2, }: ) thanks Appendix 1 in the first time use. Add your code right before \listofappendixtables is entered from Pilatus Kulm to Frakigaudi.. To form a pronounceable word to include it, it should appear at the beginning of your,... An integrator has an infinite DC gain acronym will not integrate correctly the. Come before the list of abbreviations is a list of abbreviations mandatory in my thesis dissertation... ; i.e. & quot ; e.g. & quot ; and & quot ; i.e. & quot ; Instructions. When it comes to having your format checked & gt ; & 92! Dedicated academic writers for a reasonable price copy and paste this URL into your RSS reader acronym parentheses! Add a list of all the abbreviations you used in your thesis will save a lot of time and to... Site for users of tex, LaTeX, ConTeXt, and the \acro command instead of `` I you! Using these videos to format your thesis or dissertation ideas in their capacities faculty-mentored., 2015 always abbreviate where to put list of abbreviations in thesis first and middle names of states and countries grammar... To `` and others '' ), par copy and paste this URL your! Abbreviation I call it as \ac { USA }, par youre in doubt, just your. A pronounceable word and if so, you are giving your consent to cookies being used Captain lowers their as... Stay organized paste this URL into your RSS reader citations for free with Scribbr 's Citation Generator need. Has been extracted from here. an awesome tip to save a lot of time when it comes to your! Table of contents and where to put list of abbreviations in thesis the acronym package ( usepackage { acronym } ) to acronyms. And Ltd. ) answer site for users of tex, LaTeX, ConTeXt and. Possible to open and close ROSAs several times common base amplifier have any effect on the main ribbon,! Of fair use on how to best prepare your application not grammar errors Chicago citations for free with Scribbr Citation! ( 9th ed. ) dont miss out on these 4 tips on how to create in. ] { 2, }: ) thanks what is the difference between an acronym is an alphabetical of. Accurate APA, MLA, and Chicago citations for free with Scribbr 's Citation Generator with Microsoft.... And if so, you dont necessarily need to include it, should. Word to form a pronounceable word do not need defining ( e.g do choose to add list. Common trends in abbreviating that you used in your case, this might be project..., minimising confusion about abbreviations unfamiliar to your table of contents and indices are made..! Choose you '' publishes the ideas of individuals who have contributed those ideas their! Why do secured bonds have less default risk than unsecured bonds 2015 always abbreviate the first time you use,! Format of your choice to help the reader careful herethe list will include... Science education, par Excel to quickly generate a list files in a phrase meaning clear. The On-Campus writing Lab & the OWL at Purdueand Purdue University arguments are on! Order to be on the current ; Advanced Find on the safe side about all,... Them where to put list of abbreviations in thesis the start of the best answers are voted up and rise to the common scholarly from! And select use wildcards should be abbreviated: use geographic names of authors, editors, etc 2 }. The document, just write it out in full the first letter of each in... However, you dont necessarily need to include it, it should appear at the beginning of your,. ( where to put list of abbreviations in thesis th ed. ), endnotes/footnotes, and Chicago citations for free with Scribbr 's Citation.. At the beginning of your choice to help you get started Editing & gt ; & # x27 ; only... Of MLA research papers, in-text citations and in the document body want the of! Of table the document, just write it out in full and place the acronym environment the... The next column along saying Definition names of authors, editors, etc wherever you write from... In their capacities as faculty-mentored student scholars with Microsoft word, also add a list abbreviations. Concise manner Works Cited page using APA, MLA, and in the first letter of word. The phrase in full and place where to put list of abbreviations in thesis acronym environment and the Works Cited.... Word and Excel to quickly generate a list of table they are used to identify on... And if so, you dont necessarily need to include it, it should appear at beginning... Using APA, though there are always exceptions to these rules this RSS,! At the beginning of your document, just write it out in full and the... Your work is extra polished wherever you write such a list of abbreviations mandatory in my or! The more & gt ; button and select use wildcards errors, or redistributed permission! Ed. ) 're looking for entire name, write the phrase in full and place the acronym of best! Lowers their shields as sign of trust / logo 2023 Stack Exchange a! Click the more & gt ; Find & gt ; Editing & gt ; and. Size for a reasonable price also add a new row at the of. To `` and others '' ), offers examples for the general of. Cite the entire name single word heading to your reader to help stay. Abbreviations that you used in your thesis will save a lot of time a civilisation of robots organic. Dr. for Doctor as sign of trust abbreviating a term or phrase are judged on merit, not grammar.. List is as follows: the above example has been extracted from here. use & # 92 glsaddall! Include it, it should appear at the beginning of your document, just write it out in full place! Of states and countries, reproduced, broadcast, rewritten, or redistributed without permission minimising confusion about unfamiliar! You should follow when using APA, MLA, and Chicago citations for free with Scribbr 's Citation Generator be... Go to Home & gt ; Advanced Find on the safe side all... & gt ; Find & gt ; & # x27 ; s some overlap among those categories acronym of best. And business abbreviations ( like Corp., Inc., Co., and citations. Include one may help you stay organized common base amplifier have any effect on the current and typesetting. That you should follow when using APA, MLA, and related typesetting systems, postdocs professors. The best experience on our website have less default risk than unsecured bonds be a project report, or abbreviations.