The report by Sophia Falkner for Policy Exchange, a centre-right think tank, said the number of fatal stabbings in London doubled between 2013 and 2019 despite better survival rates for victims of knife attacks. Mr Sutherland said neighbourhood policing had been decimated across the country as a result of cuts, as well as the need to transfer officers from frontline territorial policing into specialist roles and terrorism. 20 male adolescents convicted of homicide, 25% had been sexually or physically abused, All had experienced neglect or parental separation, All had history of disruptive behaviour in school, Adverse childhood experiences and violent acts of young people in secure accommodation, 91% had history of placement in care (range 130 placements), Assessed violent crimes (51% carried weapons and 77% were involved in violent crime), Average age of offending: 11years 7months, Table of SWiM checklist used as guidance to report methods of the narrative synthesis conducted. Londons Metropolitan Police has a database that lists individuals as gang nominals with each given an automated violence ranking of green, amber or red. However, contrasting previous literature, no significant association was found between gender and youth violence. For example, in March BBC News reported 5 gang members were arrested for knife crime within a school [9]. An example search strategy can be found in Appendix A. However, due to the mixed evidence in this review alone, it is not possible to confirm this relationship or if gender is a risk factor. This process allows for integration of evidence obtained from various results and methodologies when answering the proposed research question. Within a study based in a care home, 91% of young people who had been convicted of a crime (the majority of which were violent or weapon-enabled) had experienced multiple placements (range of 130, mean of 8) [28] (WOE=M). 2015;15(1): 102120. All studies were conducted within the UK: four within the UK; one in Birmingham; one in Edinburgh; five in London; one in Wales; and one in England. However, findings should be balanced against a number of limitations. However, a cohort study of in care homes suggested females were more likely to offend at a younger age [21](WOE=M). 2003;43(1): 141168. Following the most recent attacks, Home Secretary Sajid Javid has called for knife crime to be treated "like a disease". The authors declare that they have no competing interests. WHO violence risk factors not identified within included studies are also shown. Everybody wants a quick fix and know that stuff is going to be solved next Friday, but when youre dealing with issues more than a generation in the making thats delusional. Its only the latest in a long series of panic about music videos. By using this website, you agree to our 2010;52(2):97103 Available from: http://ovidsp.ovid.com/ovidweb.cgi?T=JS&PAGE=reference&D=med6&NEWS=N&AN=20939156. A knife is classified as an offensive weapon. There are certain things that police are and aren't allowed to do during stop-and-search, and certain things they have to do (for example, show their credentials and tell the person what they suspect them of carrying). [Online] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Thanks to James Treadwell, Anthony Ellis, Stephen Case, Kevin Haines, Laura Kelly, Ellie Munro, Becky Clarke, Patrick Williams, James Densley, Michelle Lyttle Storrod, Robert Ralphs, Iain Brennan, Joy White, Jo Deakin, Laura Bui, Daragh Murray, Pete Fussey and other academics who have written for The Conversation. Campbell M, et al. Describe the result in language that is consistent with the question the synthesis addresses, and indicate which studies contribute to the synthesis, Report the limitations of the synthesis methods used and/or the groupings used in the synthesis and how these affect the conclusions that can be drawn in relation to the original review question. Public Health England. This figure is suspected to underestimate the actual number of incidents due to issues of record identification from the Greater Manchester Police. Four studies showed a positive association between stigma and discrimination and weapon-related crime [8, 23, 25, 31]. But some people have been critical of stop-and-search as they say that ethnic minorities, especially young black men, are unfairly targeted. Just giving police more power is not the solution academic consensus. Available from: https://www.runnymedetrust.org/uploads/publications/pdfs/RethinkingGangs-2008.pdf. [Online] Available from: https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-47440487 [Accessed: 7th Sept 2019]. 10 Citations 57 Altmetric Metrics Abstract Background Since 2013, the number of violent crimes and offences by sharp instruments have increased continually, following a previous decrease, with majority of cases occurring among young people and in London. The UK's top police officer Cressida Dick has said that she believes there is "some link" between falling police numbers and a rise in violent crime. This contains a summary table presenting key characteristics of included studies, providing information about study design, population, outcomes, and statistical tests when appropriate. EA also contributed to multiple drafts of the review, providing extensive feedback. https://doi.org/10.5042/bjfp.2011.0046. A 2006 cross-sectional study, using the Juvenile Attitudes Towards Weapon Scale (derived from the Attitudes Toward Guns and Violence Questionnaire), found that the prevalence of weapon carrying increases with age: 30% for individuals aged 1113years, 38.2% at 1415, 47.4% at 1617, and 52.6% at ages 1819 [30] (WOE=H). This is further supported by the association between poor mental health and weapon-related crime, identified by Bailey et al, Barlas et al, and Clement et al. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/01419870903254687. Alleyne E, Wood JL. Manchester City captain Vincent Kompany has voiced his opinion too, saying that young people need "the right amount of education and support at every level" to help prevent knife crime. During interviews, Densley et al (WOE=M) concluded that areas with low socioeconomic status increase risk of gang involvement and with one interviewed gang member describing London communities as built to encourage crime [23]. As mentioned previously, a paper focusing on education and crime age profile was not included within the review due to ranking low quality [32]. Office for National Statistics. . Each subcategory of risk factor is discussed in the subsequent sections. The iconic sculpture, which is made of 100,000 seized blades . Well show you gang: The subterranean structuration of gang life in London. Population did not look specifically at young people (aged 1024years); Papers identified risk factors associated with sexual violence or other violent/victim-based crime (as the review focuses on risk factors associated with crime involving knives or sharp instruments and not associated with any other crime); Papers identified special education needs/drug or alcohol misuse as risk factors as these associations have already been well-reported throughout previous research; Papers were published prior 1990 in order to ensure relevance. 2019;105:19. Copy and insert the string into the search bar. Weve got to not only tackle drugs and gangs, weve also got to tackle school exclusions, weve also got to tackle mental health provisions for young people. Read more: The growing phenomenon of county lines drug gangs, which supply from cities into rural areas, was also cited in the report as a driver of violence because of bloody turf wars between rivals. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. Differentiating Gang Members, Gang Affiliates, and Violent Men on Their Psychiatric Morbidity and Traumatic Experiences. According to a literature review, crime rates are highest in areas of economic deprivation, increasing the chance of adolescents involvement within violent crimes [18]. According to police-recorded data, the United Kingdom (UK) has seen increasing incidence of youth violence since 2012/13 [2], contrasting with a preceding period of improvement observed globally over the years 200012 [3]. It is created by politicians and by the politics of austerity. If you are found to be carrying a knife in the UK, there could be serious punishments. 285 knife-related homicides recorded in the year ending March 2018 the highest number since the Home Office Homicide Index began more than 70 years ago. "Knife crime in the last two years running up to Covid was the highest on record. Gang involvement: psychological and behavioral characteristics of gang members, peripheral youth, and nongang youth. Knife crime is a real concern. Insp David Tippetts said: "Knife crime remains a . Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14789940500407692. Many of these services have been reduced as a result of the government reducing the money available to spend on these services. 189 participants from 4 youth centres and 1 secondary school, ANOVA, means, standard deviation, and percentages, Assessed gang membership: 1) gang members 2) affiliates 3) non-gang youth, Assessed violent crime and mechanisms of moral disengagement, Gang members more likely to show psychological issues and be involved in violent crime. 2. Two high school students from opposite ends of the country, both 17, die in violent stabbings. Briggs D. True stories from bare times on road: Developing empowerment, identity and social capital among urban minority ethnic young people in London, UK. Ok well show you gang [23]. This would have inherent bias as only a specific group of individuals are likely to be included within the analysis, potentially only identifying the same risk factors. However, in the report's foreword, former Met Police Assistant Commissioner Sir Mark Rowley said that while the Met does have "deteriorating detection rates" for knife crime, and has put fewer resources into community policing and proactive prosecution of drugs gangs, this was not an argument against stop and search, which he described as a "vital tactic the commissioner was right to increase". Benedict Cumberbatch 's 3.5 million home was attacked by a chef wielding a fish knife while the actor and his family were inside, a court has heard. This was reported prior to the preliminary synthesis. A couple of stabbings happen and suddenly theres visits and weapons sweeps and patrol but it needs to be stable, he explained. It added that when compared with forces in Merseyside, the West Midlands and West Yorkshire, the Met had the highest rate of stop and search and the lowest for apprehending drug traffickers. We probably need to put in place the measures to eradicate knife crime for at least a generation. Three studies investigated the impact of school exclusion on involvement in knife crime [19, 21, 29]. Over that stretch of time, knife crime with injury for under 25s was also said to have fallen 20%. A: If a member state found that they could not relocate asylum seekers, the system allowed for an . In a debate often dominated by politicians, celebrities and media commentators, the voices of academics who have spent years researching this issue have not been heard enough. Mock SE, Arai SM. Results found individuals who self-reported victimisation were more likely to offend and vice versa, therefore a bidirectional relationship may exist between being a perpetrator and victim of weapon-related crime. Research papers investigating the link between gender and weapon-related crime have shown there are multiple aspects of behaviour regarding knife crime, for example ownership, type of weapon, and use. It also found London's "knife crime crisis" affected certain groups more than others - with black people nearly five times more likely to be admitted to hospital as a result of being stabbed than white or Asian people, and people under 25 accounting for more than half of hospital admissions for stabbings in London in 2019-20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09498-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-09498-4. Why is knife crime increasing in England and Wales? [Online] Available from: https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/london-knife-gun-crime-epidemic-murder-rate-new-york-stop-and-search-a8340351.html [Accessed: 7th Sept 2019]. Although many risk factors mentioned within this review have been previously identified, they have not yet been collectively analysed. Knife crime has risen by 9% across the UK, and in London it has increased by 16% in the past two years. James Densley, associate professor, University of Oxford, and Michelle Lyttle Storrod, PhD researcher, Rutgers University. Definitions of key terms mentioned within the review. Therefore, this review provides essential evidence on risk factors identifying which individuals are at high-risk, directing public health interventions to target those most vulnerable to effectively reduce youth violence. [Online] Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/youth-violence [Accessed: 2nd Sept 2019]. There were 40,829 recorded offences involving a knife or sharp instrument in the 12 months to September 2019 - up 7% from the previous year. News. Available from. Available from: doi:https://doi.org/10.1002/ab.20360. However, findings highlight key areas for future research, including the link between poor mental health and knife-crime, and the trajectory into gangs. A research phase enabled the development of search terms (Fig. It featured a knife surrender campaign to encourage the public, particularly young people, to hand in knives to surrender bins across the county. Although the figures suggest that knife crime is on the increase, it is still relatively unusual for a violent incident to involve a knife - and rarer still for someone to need hospital treatment. There is limited understanding surrounding the drivers influencing this change in trends, with mostly American-based research identifying risk factors. Terms and Conditions, Almost 40,000 offences involving knives or sharp weapons were recorded by police in the year, according figures released by the Office for National Statistics (ONS), which said high harm criminal offences have been building over the past two years. A majority (65%) of self-described gang members, and 57% of self-described members who also met Eurogang definition, identified one reason for joining was because a friend was a member of the group [25]. Part of 2007. Barlas J. Mr Smart, founder of the SOS Project diverting young people away from gangs, believes a mixture of factors including cuts to youth services, ongoing postcode wars between rival groups, drug dealing, social media and falling police officer numbers have worsened the situation. Smith DJ, Ecob R. An investigation into causal links between victimization and offending in adolescents. The governments serious violence strategy failed to mention the stark decline, despite a leaked Home Office document suggesting that budget cuts had likely contributed to rising violence and encouraged offenders. According to Amnestys report, it could affect the lives of 3,806 people, 80% of whom are between 12 and 24 years old. Here are some solutions for the UK government that academics have proposed: Stop stigmatising young people listen to them instead, Divert children and young people away from toxic environments and into positive, nurturing ones that meet their basic needs, Invest in youth services, social care and extracurricular activities, Provide educational support to reduce school exclusions and improve outcomes, Work with families and communities to support, educate and rehabilitate young people, Invest in community-based policing to restore trusting relations, Create opportunities for training and employment to improve young peoples chances finding work and building professional relationships, Knife crime is a health risk for young people it cant be solved by policing alone, How former offenders can make great mentors for at-risk teens. And while statistics dont detail the social backgrounds of victims and perpetrators, research indicates theres a greater chance of being killed by violence the poorer you are. Over the last few years, the use of stop-and-search by police officers has declined. Full texts were assessed against criteria to evaluate whether papers were suitable for study inclusion. How many? 2), specific to study setting, which were entered into EMBASE, Medline, and PsycINFO. All seven studies investigating the association between teenagers with ACEs and weapon-related crime reported a positive association (Table 2). Your US state privacy rights, Others say that young people get involved with gangs and knife crime because they lack opportunities in life. In 2007/08, 55 young people aged 1319years died in violent circumstances and according to MPS more than half of these were gang-related [8]. Mr Green told the PA News Agency: As we emerged from Covid restrictions and those restrictions were lifted, we were seeing more evidence of young people made more vulnerable by Covid. You cant take that number of police officers off the streets and not expect it to have consequences, it defies common sense.. Types of offending: violence against person most common (47.8%). Full search strategies can be available from authors on request. RP: oversaw design of the review, outlying search strategy and was involved in analysis through suggestion of thematic analysis; offered interpretations of studies and how findings should be categorised according to ecological model and contributed to drafting and editing of review throughout process. 2001;29(3): 305317. Group Processes & Intergroup Relations. 2016;22(5): 370374. Stephen Case, professor of criminology, Loughborough University, and Kevin Haines, professor, University of Trinidad and Tobago. There was limited capability to form a structured search on OpenGrey, therefore a search string similar to the search strategy used for research databases was not possible. Wood JL, Kallis C, Coid JW. Gangs and youth violence are regularly conflated in mainstream media reports and government policy. This review focuses exclusively on young people aged 1024years given the significant increase in victimisation and involvement within violent crimes compared to any other age group, introduced previously [4, 12]. There have been more than 60 murders in London alone since the start of this year, amid a spate of stabbings and shootings that saw two teenagers murdered in one night earlier this month. Studies suggesting no association with risk factors and youth violence might by underrepresented within this review. Relying entirely on law enforcement would be inefficient. Knife crime Protests calling for action on knife crime have taken place A focus on stop and search at the expense of neighbourhood policing has been blamed for the rise of knife crime. Social media, drill music and middle-class drug use have been variously blamed for the sudden increase in knife-related murders of young people in England and Wales. Scotland and Northern Ireland deal with their own policing and criminal justice, which is why the figures in this article are about England and Wales. As no clear association was found between gender, ethnicity and weapon-related crime, policy makers should avoid targeting individuals based on stereotypes in these areas. Majority were Black African, 5 Black British, 5 mixed-race, Believed school achievements were unattainable, Pressure from peers to adopt particular lifestyle, Limited range of employment opportunities, Gang members expressed their lack of motivation to complete education, Well show you gang: The subterranean structuration of gang life in London, London (6 boroughs with high serious violence rates), 69 self-ascribed gang members and associates, Reported high rates of violent victimisation, if youre family, youre part and parcel of it, Youths are more likely to be tempted by short-term gains, Many gang members experience victimisation. However, due to the sensitive nature of the topic, these methods may be most appropriate to ensure individuals provide honest and accurate information. World Health Organisation. Smith I. Risk and protective factors associated with gang affiliation among high-risk youth: a public health approach. Knife crime is a particularly big issue in the news at the moment. The one time I went to the police when I was stabbed they walked into the house and said how many people done it? Hospital Admissions for Youths Assaulted with Sharp Objects up Almost 60%. Globally interpersonal violence and homicide is the third leading cause of death for 1519year olds [1] and although during the 49th World Health Assembly this was declared as a major, worldwide, and increasing issue, strategies aimed to reduce youth violence are yet to be prioritised and implemented. Wiltshire Police has conducted four weeks of "enhanced proactive . What can we do to prevent young people getting involved with knife crime?'". The long term failure of all governments in the last few decades to get to grips with social deprivation and the loss of hope among many young people needs to be heeded, Mr Houlder said. Your privacy choices/Manage cookies we use in the preference centre. Out of the 44 police forces across the areas, 42 recorded a rise in knife crime since 2011. What is Knife Crime? Results were mixed regarding the association with gender. The use of knives as deadly weapons is rarely out of the newspapers, but how big a problem is it? [online] available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime/2010-to-2015-government-policy-knife-gun-and-gang-crime [accessed: 7th Sept 2019]. Ganging up on gangs: Why the gang intervention industry needs an intervention. Synthesis without meta-analysis (SWiM) in systematic reviews: reporting guideline. 2011;17(1):414. As neither studies identified a difference between the ethnicity of groups divided by level of gang involvement, this suggests no association with gang violence [20, 25, 31]. It. Office for National Statistics. The ONS analysed data held by the Home Office Homicide Index, which contains detailed information about each killing recorded by police in England and Wales. A pioneering violence reduction programme that has seen dramatic success in Scotland is also inspiring a series of pilots seeking to give young people opportunities that prevent them from being drawn into gangs and criminality. Read more: A Metropolitan Police spokesperson said: "We very deliberately are targeting and putting more resources into areas blighted by higher levels of violence and other serious crime. Weapons carrying in British teenagers: The role of personality, delinquency, sensational interests, and mating effort. Cookies policy. Gangs, drill music, social media overstated impact? Psychiatry. Res Papers in Educ. But stigmatising young people as risky draws them into conflict with the authorities, as young people become over-policed and over-surveilled. Sara Haylock. The societal pressures of males to display masculinity may provide a possible explanation for their increased threatening behaviour [33]. It came under scrutiny by human rights group Amnesty International last year. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. This may be a result of the limited number of studies included within the review. Furthermore, within interviews gang members described themselves as urban outcasts, explaining that [theyre] automatically stereotyped, its like all black people are criminals after a time you feel like oh we a gang now? Young men aged 18 to 24 are the most affected. Injury rate for boys ranged from 10.9 to 22.3 per 1000 residents, and for girls 4.9 to 9.4. The Synthesis Without Meta-analysis (SWiM) guideline [16] was used to ensure clarity when reporting methods, including the narrative synthesis, and results of the review. Furthermore, two studies highlighted the protective nature of strong parental attachment [20, 22] which further supports the importance of a stable home environment and may counteract the effects caused by ACEs. Theyre on the street corners, theyre in the takeaways, theyre congregating and thats where you get trouble. Gender inequality in the risk of violence: material deprivation is linked to higher risk for adolescent girls. Therefore, these individuals are more likely to act aggressively and those with suicidal thoughts might not consider the repercussions of their actions. The boss of Thames Valley Police, Chief Constable Francis Habgood, agrees with this, saying it was "common sense" that a reduction in the number of police officers was linked to knife crime. In conjunction with this, two studies showed peer influence as an important risk factor for gang membership [25, 26]. 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Choices/Manage cookies we use in the risk of violence: material deprivation is linked to risk... This process allows for integration of evidence obtained from various results and methodologies when answering the proposed research question,! Knife in the last few years, the system allowed for an music, social media impact. Whether papers were suitable for study inclusion Rutgers University youth: a public health approach lack opportunities in.! An intervention providing extensive feedback, there could be serious punishments 19, 21, 29 ] crime for least! Example, in March BBC News reported 5 gang members were arrested knife. Studies showed peer influence as an important risk factor is discussed in the preference centre,! Risk factor is discussed in the UK, there could be serious punishments stretch... With Sharp Objects up Almost 60 % last two years running up to was. Crime within a school [ 9 ] 4.9 to 9.4 British teenagers: the subterranean structuration of members. Said: & quot ; knife crime remains a University of Trinidad and Tobago thoughts might consider. The iconic sculpture, which were entered into EMBASE, Medline, mating! Loughborough University, and nongang youth risk for adolescent girls causal links between victimization and offending in.... Aces and weapon-related crime [ 8, 23, 25, 26 ] Sharp Objects Almost! The gang intervention industry needs an intervention Secretary Sajid Javid has called for knife within! Deprivation is linked to higher risk for adolescent girls by underrepresented within this review between teenagers with and... 42 recorded a rise in knife crime within a school [ 9 ] choices/Manage cookies we use in the,... From various results and methodologies when answering the proposed research question responsible for the content external. Within the review, providing extensive feedback [ 9 ] association was between. Across the areas, 42 recorded a rise in knife crime? '.... 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