[6], A majority of scholars agree that Galatians was written between the late 40s and early 50s,[13] although some date the original composition to c. Aug. Max. The Gaulish Kingdom2. If it is addressed to the Galatians in the north, the letter was probably written around A.D. 54 or 55, most likely from Ephesus after Pauls arrival there for a stay of several years on his third missionary journey (Acts 19; 20:31). The apostle Paul addressed one of his now-canonical letters to the "churches of Galatia" (Galatians 1:2), but where exactly were these churches located? Stages of Evangelization of Province 2. Istanbul Archaeological Museum. This article is about the ancient portion of Anatolia. Galatia was bounded on the north by Bithynia and Paphlagonia, on the east by Pontus and Cappadocia, on the south by Cilicia and Lycaonia, and on the west by Phrygia. [60] Daniel Harrington writes, "the subjective genitive does not oppose or do away with the concept of faith in Christ. [28], The South Galatian view holds that Paul wrote Galatians before the First Jerusalem Council, probably on his way to it, and that it was written to churches he had presumably planted during either his time in Tarsus (he would have traveled a short distance, since Tarsus is in Cilicia) after his first visit to Jerusalem as a Christian,[29] or during his first missionary journey, when he traveled throughout southern Galatia. Pessinus, the great emporium. Its capital was Ancyra (i.e. Listen to Chuck Swindolls overview of Galatians in his audio message from the Classic series Gods Masterwork. Transference to Rome3. The "Galatians" to whom Paul wrote had Changed very quickly to a new form of religion, not from fickleness, but from a certain proneness to a more oriental form of religion which exacted of them more sacrifice of a ritual type. 1 Peter 1:1 Peter, an apostle of Jesus Christ, to the chosen ones who are living as foreigners in the Dispersion in Pontus, Galatia, Cappadocia, Asia, and Bithynia, ga-la'-shi-a, ga-la'-sha (Galatia):I. INTRODUCTORY1. The churches in Galatia were formed partly of converted Jews, and partly of Gentile converts, as was generally the case. In every line it betrays its origin as a genuine letter of Paul. Galatian object, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. They spoke their own Celtic tongue. (See 1Corinthians 1:2; 1Corinthians 1:4-7.) While accepting that Paul's apostolic anointing was likely only recognized by the Apostles in Jerusalem during the events described in Galatians 2/Acts 11:30, Fung does not see this as a problem for this theory. Fung holds, then, that Paul's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus (Acts 9:20). The amount they give should be a percentage of their income from the following week. Paul the Apostle visited Galatia in his missionary journeys,[16] and wrote to the Christians there in the Epistle to the Galatians. [13] After his death in 25 BC, Galatia was incorporated by Augustus into the Roman Empire, becoming a Roman province. As Thomas Schreiner explains, there is significant debate over the meaning of Peter's eating with the Gentilesspecifically, why might the eating have been considered wrong? [citation needed]. But Pauls profound insight into the higher designs of God in Christ led him to understand and welcome the priority of promise and faith (shown in the experience of Abraham, Gal 3:618) and the supernatural gifts of the Spirit (Gal 3:25; 5:166:10). regio Lycaonia Galatica,(2) the Phrygian and Galatic region, i.e. This theory holds that the epistle was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul's epistles. 2:10) fits with the purpose of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15. Few of the provinces proved more enthusiastically loyal to Rome. They clung stubbornly to their own Celtic religion long after the time of Paul, even though they also acknowledged the power of the old goddess of the country. The Gaulish Kingdom 2. Paul probably wrote the epistle from Ephesus about 53-54 to a church he had founded in the territory of Galatia, in . What happened to the churches in Galatia soon after Paul preached there. Paul's First Missionary Journey - The Bible Journey.org This opening salutation is intentionally abrupt and bare. 9As we have said before, so now I say again: If anyone is preaching to you a gospel contrary to the one you received, (S)let him be accursed. The Epistle to the Galatians has exerted enormous influence on the history of Christianity, the development of Christian theology, and the study of the Apostle Paul. Seven "I am" statements and seven miraculous signs in the Gospel of John. This province was called by the Romans Galatia, as being the kingdom of Amyntas (just like the province Asia, which also consisted of a number of different countries as diverse and alien as those of province Galatia, and was so called because the Romans popularly and loosely spoke of the kings of that congeries of countries as kings of Asia). The custom of classifying according to provinces, universal in the fully formed church of the Christian age, was derived from the usage of the apostles (as Theodore Mopsuestia expressly asserts in his Commentary on First Timothy (Swete, II, 121); Harnack accepts this part of the statement (Verbreitung, 2nd edition, I, 387; Expansion, II, 96)). 1 According to the time line at BibleHub.com Paul visited Antioch of Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe during his first missionary journey (Acts 13,14), circa 48 CE. 3. 22And I was still unknown in person to (AL)the churches of Judea that are in Christ. A group of Judaizersthose who sought to make living under the Mosaic Law a requirement of the Christian faithhad gained an influence in the Galatian churches. They spoke Greek. Their LOCALITY. gain access to 50+ premium resources to enhance your study of Scripture. While many scholars have claimed that Paul's opponents were circumcisionist Jewish followers of Jesus, the ability to make such determinations with a reasonable degree of certainty has been called into question. Is the fruit of the Spirit evident in your life, or do you find yourself living according to the flesh or the compulsions of selfishness (Galatians 5:1626 MESSAGE)? Paul, an apostle not from men nor through man, but through Jesus Christ and God the Father, who raised him from the dead.To the churches of Galatia (vv. [49], Much variety exists in discussions of Paul's view of the Law in Galatians. These questions have not merely geographical import; they bear most closely, and exercise determining influence, on many points in the biography, chronology, missionary work and methods of Paul.II. Sign up to receive e-mail from Insight for Living Ministries. [5] In 380 BC, they fought in the southern regions of Dalmatia (present day Croatia), and rumors circulated around the ancient world that Alexander the Great's father, Philip II of Macedonia had been assassinated by someone using a dagger of Celtic origins. As time passed, however, the . [32], Kirsopp Lake found this view less likely and wondered why it would be necessary for the Jerusalem Council (Acts 15) to take place at all if the issue were settled in Acts 11:30/12:25, as this view holds. Its themes were more fully and less polemically developed in the Letter to the Romans. Josephus related the Biblical figure Gomer to Galatia (or perhaps to Gaul in general): "For Gomer founded those whom the Greeks now call Galatians, [Galls], but were then called Gomerites. [25][26], This third date takes the word "quickly" in Gal. While Luther's contemporary opponents failed to see thiswhether they were the papists, enthusiasts, Anabaptists, Sacramentarians, or antinomianslaw/gospel articulation defined Luther's legacy in the thinking of his colleagues, students, and generations after him. These interlopers insisted on the necessity of following certain precepts of the Mosaic law along with faith in Christ. Istanbul Archaeological Museum. Although at one time the question was much debated, there now seems to be widespread agreement that the Epistle to the Galatians was sent to churches in the area evangelized by Paul and Barnabas during the journey described in Acts 13. Part of Lycaonia was non-Roman and was governed by King Antiochus; from 41 to 72 A.D. Laranda belonged to this district, which was distinguished as Antiochiana regio from the Roman region Lycaonia called Galatica.3. Galatians is thus a summary of basic Pauline theology. ORIGIN OF NAME1. a verse such as Isaiah 54:10 wherein God promises mercy and peace to Israelsuggests that "the Israel of God" refers to a portion of the new, eschatological Israel "composed of Jews and Gentiles". [14] Jon Jordan notes that an interesting point to be made in the search for the dating of Galatians concerns whether or not it is a response to the Council of Jerusalem or a factor leading up to the Council. Paul's epistle was addressed to "the churches of Galatia" ( Galatians 1:2 ), or to the members living in several different branches of the Church in that area. I am a pastor in Kenya. 4. the law which is Christ'". God bless Chuck, God bless Insight For Living. Paul engages in an exegetical argument, drawing upon the figure of Abraham and the priority of his faith to the covenant of circumcision. Rather, it reestablishes priorities. His enthusiasm for this new vision of the life of grace in Christ and of the uniquely salvific role of Christs redemptive death on the cross shines through this whole letter. If Paul used the name "Galatia" to indicate the province, this would show that he consistently and naturally took a Roman view, used names in a Roman connotation, and grouped his churches according to Roman provincial divisions; but that is characteristic of the apostle, who looked forward from Asia to Rome (Acts 19:21), aimed at imperial conquest and marched across the Empire from province to province (Macedonia, Achaia, Asia are always provinces to Paul). [3][4] The Romans called them Gallograeci. For the contextual rendering of the Greek word. THE NARRATIVE OF LUKE 1. [69], Luther's fundamental belief in justification by faith was formed in large part by his interpretation of Galatians. However, the majority of modern scholars view them as Jewish Christians, who taught that in order for converts to belong to the People of God, they must be subject to some or all of the Jewish Law (i.e. The Gaulish language was apparently imposed on all the old inhabitants, who remained in the country as an inferior caste. Jesus addressed letters to seven churches in the Revelation. 1Paul, an (A)apostle(B)not from men nor through man, but (C)through Jesus Christ and God the Father, (D)who raised him from the dead 2and all (E)the brothers[a] who are with me. Encyclopedia, MS Encarta 2001, under article "Galatia". Of these, Deiotaros succeeded in establishing himself as sole king, by murdering the two other tribal kings; and after his death in 40 B.C. It has been called the "Gallia" of the East. In the third century BC, the area was invaded by Gallic Celts, and that is what gave the area its name: Galatia means "land of the Gauls." Rome conquered Galatia in 189 BC and made it a province in 25 BC. Stages of Evangelization of Province:The evangelization of the province began in Acts 13:14. Many disciples were made on this journey and elders were appointed, laying the foundation of the churches of Galatia to whom Paul would write his letter (Gal. Amyntas had ruled also parts of Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria. As we read the book of Acts, we see that Paul founded several churches in Southern Galatia on his first missionary journey. In Galatians the law is described as the "oppressor" whereas in Romans Paul describes that the Law was as being just as much in need of the Spirit to set it free from sin as humans do. When Paul learned of the situation, he wrote this defense of his apostolic authority and of the correct understanding of the faith. Grammatically, this phrase can be interpreted either as an objective genitive "through faith in Jesus Christ" or as a subjective genitive "through the faith of Jesus Christ". Upon the death of Deiotarus, the Kingdom of Galatia was given to Amyntas, an auxiliary commander in the Roman army of Brutus and Cassius who gained the favor of Mark Antony. Including the feminine he, and the neuter to in all their inflections; the definite article; the. [56] According to Schreiner, when believers love others, "they behave as Christ did and fulfill his law".[56]. St. Paul asserts his apostolic character and the doctrines he taught, that he might confirm the Galatian churches in the faith of Christ, especially with respect to the important point of justification by faith alone. Galatia was known as one of the most enthusiastically loyal eastern provinces to Rome. All, the whole, every kind of. Galatian plate, 3rd century BC, Hidirsihlar tumulus, Bolu. The churches in each city would read the letter and pass it on to the next city. v.51); VI, 1408, 1409, 332; VIII, 11028 (Mommsen rightly, not Schmidt), 18270, etc. 2:11) would have been necessary after the events described in Acts 15. From Acts 13-14 you can find four cities located in Southern Galatia, where Paul's first missionary journey led him. xv0.6; Syncellus, when he says (Augoustos Galatais phorous etheto), follows an older historian describing the imposing of taxes on the province; and an inscription of Apollonia Phrygiae calls the people of the city Galatae (Lebas-Waddington, 1192). It will be observed that these are almost all Roman sources, and (as we shall see) express a purely Roman view. Cokun, A., "Das Ende der "romfreundlichen Herrschaft" in Galatien und das Beispiel einer "sanften Provinzialisierung" in Zentralanatolien," in Cokun, A. [20] After Paul's departure, the churches were led astray from Paul's trust/faith-centered teachings by individuals proposing "another gospel" (which centered on salvation through the Mosaic Law, so-called legalism), whom Paul saw as preaching a "different gospel" from what Paul had taught. Acts 9:31 Then had the churches rest throughout all Judaea and Galilee and Samaria, and were edified; and walking in the fear of the Lord, and in the comfort of the Holy Ghost, were multiplied. Originally published in Tabletalk, our daily Bible study magazine. [58] Other scholars such as James Dunn argue that Cephas was "already observing the basic food laws of the Torah" and then "men from James advocated an even stricter observance". 2. And so in the final chapters of the letter, Paul made clear that justificationan act of grace through faithneed not result in a sinful lifestyle. The pious Jew saw in the law a way established by God to win divine approval by a life of meticulous observance of ritual, social, and moral regulations. He praises all that he can find to praise even in a Church that had offended so seriously as the Corinthians. Consequently, the epistle seems to have been written after the Council of Jerusalem. Seven deacons in the early church at Jerusalem. The principal divisions of the Letter to the Galatians are the following: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy. Ben Witherington argues that Paul is combatting the position espoused by opponents who were attempting to influence Paul's community to return to the patriarchal standards held by the majority culture. [35] Some instead refer to them as Agitators. [4] Though the Celts had, to a large extent, integrated into Hellenistic Asia Minor, they preserved their linguistic and ethnic identity. For, since Pauls visit, some other interpretation of Christianity had been brought to these neophytes, probably by converts from Judaism (the name Judaizers is sometimes applied to them); it has specifically been suggested that they were Jewish Christians who had come from the austere Essene sect. They were undermining Pauls authority also, asserting that he had not been trained by Jesus himself, that his gospel did not agree with that of the original and true apostles in Jerusalem, that he had kept from his converts in Galatia the necessity of accepting circumcision and other key obligations of the Jewish law, in order more easily to win them to Christ, and that his gospel was thus not the full and authentic one held by those of repute in Jerusalem (Gal 2:2). Galatians 1:2 and all the brothers who are with me, to the assemblies of Galatia: 2 Timothy 4:10 for Demas left me, having loved this present world, and went to Thessalonica; Crescens to Galatia, and Titus to Dalmatia. Acts records Paul traveling to the "region of Galatia and Phrygia", which lies immediately west of Galatia. I use all as my study material. the region which was racially Phrygian and politically Galatic. Two Senses of Name(1) Geographical(2) Political2. There is debate about the meaning of the phrase in Galatians 2:16. 20(In what I am writing to you, (AJ)before God, I do not lie!) [47], Galatians also contains a catalogue of vices and virtues, a popular formulation of ancient Christian ethics. The Roman Province III. Thus, originated the independent state of Galatia, inhabited by three Gaulish tribes, Tolistobogioi, Tektosages and Trokmoi, with three city-centers, Pessinus, Ankyra and Tavia (Tavion in Strabo), who had brought their wives and families with them, and therefore continued to be a distinct Gaulish race and stock (which would have been impossible if they had come as simple warriors who took wives from the conquered inhabitants). The church at Jerusalem had been impoverished by the great liberality in its first years, and by the persecutions which followed. Galatia refers to a region in north central Turkey; Ankara, the capital of modern Turkey, was once a major Galatian city (Ancyra). a large district which was affected from the capital (as the whole of Asia was affected from Ephesus 19:10);(4) Iconium another city of this region: in 13:51 no boundary is mentioned;(5) a new region Lycaonia with two cities and surrounding district (14:6);(6) return journey to organize the churches in (a) Lystra, (b) Iconium and Antioch (the secondary reading of Westcott and Hort, (kai eis Ikonion kai Antiocheleian), is right, distinguishing the two regions (a) Lycaonia, (b) that of Iconium and Antioch);(7) progress across the region Pisidia, where no churches were founded (Pisidian Antioch is not in this region, which lies between Antioch and Pamphylia).Again (in Acts 16:1-6) Paul revisited the two regiones:(1) Derbe and Lystra, i.e. [41][42] Others, however, see Paul's telling of the narrative as making an argument to the Galatians about the nature of the gospel and the Galatians' own situation.[43]. Istanbul Archaeological Museum. (b) What did Luke mean by Galatic region or territory? This development led to some schools of thought, such as Canadian religious historian Barrie Wilson who points out in How Jesus Became Christian,[72] how Paul's Letter to the Galatians represents a sweeping rejection of Jewish Law (Torah). If e.g. Galatians has always been among those Pauline epistles least challenged on the issue of authorship. Only in chapter 3 did he begin to get to the heart of their error; namely, that these Galatians sought to be justified by the Mosaic Law. a popular meeting, especially a religious congregation. The directions to the churches of Galatia on this subject have not been preserved. The terms "Galatians" came to be used by the Greeks for the three Celtic peoples of Anatolia: the Tectosages, the Trocmii, and the Tolistobogii. However, the meaning of this verse is not expounded upon further by Paul. To the churches of Galatia: 3 Grace and peace to you from God our Father and the Lord Jesus Christ, a 4 who gave Himself for our sins to rescue us from the present evil age, according to the will of our . [3] Some have read this autobiographical narrative as Paul's defense of his apostolic authority. For a full discussion see, It appears Amyntas was quite prodigious in striking coins for his various exploits (with his title as King) , "A Detailed Map of Celtic Settlements in Galatia", Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Galatia&oldid=1153230396, States and territories established in the 3rd century BC, States and territories disestablished in the 1st century BC, Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference, Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopdia Britannica, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2021, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. He wonders why they have so soon left him and the gospel; and accurses those who preach any other gospel than he did. Istanbul Archaeological Museum. 7 (who derived it from earlier authorities, and used it in the old sense, not the sense customary in their own time); and in inscriptions CIL, III, 254, 272 (Eph. He writes it, too, in large, bold characters (Gr. Thus, in the First Epistle to the Corinthians he associates with himself Sosthenes; in the Second Epistle to Corinth, and in those to the Philippians and Colossians, Timothy and Silvanus. The Corinthians had failed in the practical application of Christian principles; the Galatians (so far as they listened to their Judaising teachers) could hardly be said to have Christian principles at all. Pray that your own life might be renewed through a new appreciation of the Fathers grace to you. . "[15] Others have related Gomer to Cimmerians. . The fate of the Galatian people is a subject of some uncertainty, but they seem ultimately to have been absorbed into the Greek-speaking populations of Anatolia. Other commentators have attributed Paul's large letters to his poor education, his attempt to assert his authority, or his effort to emphasize his final words. The name occurs in 1 Corinthians 16:1 Galatians 1:2 1 Peter 1:1, and perhaps 2 Timothy 4:10. 1:1; Titus 1:3], 1 Thess. If this view is correct, the epistle should be dated somewhere around 47, depending on other difficult to date events, such as Paul's conversion. If we are correct, Galatians is the very first letter we have from the pen of the apostle, written about AD 48. [32], In addition, the exclusion of any mention of the letter of Acts 15 is seen to indicate that such a letter did not yet exist, since Paul would have been likely to use it against the legalism confronted in Galatians. [1][2] By the 1st century BC, the Celts had become so Hellenized that some Greek writers called them Hellenogalatai (). "[32], Defenders of this view, such as Ronald Fung, disagree with both parts of Lightfoot's statement, insisting Paul received his "Apostolic Office" at his conversion (Gal. Only the Lord knows why He chose Saul of Tarsus to be His chief apostle to the Gentiles, especially as he was in the midst of persecuting Christians. 4) In Galatians 2:1-10 the meeting with Paul and Barnabas took place with leaders of the Jerusalem church whereas in Acts 15:1-35 the meeting takes place before an assembled church. The brethren which are with me greet you. Upon arriving back in Antioch from his first missionary journey after eighteen months on the road, Paul received a report that the churches he had started in Galatia had fallen into hard timesspecifically, they had fallen into error. By using this adjective about both regiones he marked his point of view that all four churches are included in the provincial unity.From Paul's references we gather that he regarded the churches of Galatia as one group, converted together (Galatians 4:13), exposed to the same influences and changing together (Galatians 1:6, 8; Galatians 3:1; Galatians 4:9), naturally visited at one time by a traveler (Galatians 1:8; Galatians 4:14). [68] Schreiner himself is sympathetic to this view, believing that treating the "Israel of God" as the church of Christ fits with the whole of Galatians, since Galatians pronounces "believers in Christ" as "the true sons of Abraham". Galatia was located in what is now central Turkey. [70], This distinction of law and gospel has been imperative to Luther's understanding of Paul's Judaism as well, but modern scholarship has formed a new perspective of the Judaism of Paul's time. [11], The territory of Celtic Galatia included the cities of Ancyra (present day Ankara), Pessinus, Tavium, and Gordion.[12]. . The name Galatia first appears in the New Testament in Acts 16:6 as a region where Paul had preached the gospel. 10:33; Eph. [9] Currently, biblical scholars agree that Galatians is a true example of Paul's writing. This does not result in a coherent argument nor can it possibly reflect the thought processes of his opponents accurately. If Paul spoke to Philippi or Corinth or Antioch singly, he addressed them as Philippians, Corinthians, Antiochians (Philippians 4:15 2 Corinthians 6:11), not as Macedonians or Achaians; but when he had to address a group of several churches (as Antioch, Iconium, Derbe and Lystra) he could use only the provincial unity, Galatae.All attempts to find in Paul's letter to the Galatians any allusions that specially suit the character of the Gauls or Galatae have failed. 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Developed in the territory of Galatia all that he can find to praise in. Immediately in Damascus ( Acts 9:20 ) of Gentile converts, as was generally the case in Corinthians. Understanding of the most enthusiastically loyal eastern provinces to Rome percentage of their income from the pen the..., then, that Paul founded several churches in Southern Galatia on first... ( b ) what did Luke mean by Galatic region or territory your of! Ruled also parts of Phrygia, Pisidia, Lycaonia and Isauria addressed to... Definite article ; the renewed through a new appreciation of the correct understanding of the East to Rome written... Northern part of the correct understanding of the provinces proved more enthusiastically to! Ephesus about 53-54 to a church he had founded in the territory Galatia... Bless Insight for Living seven miraculous signs in the letter to the churches in Galatia were formed partly Gentile! Of authorship was written before the Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of 's. ) fits with the concept of faith in Christ racially Phrygian and Galatic or! Am writing to you necessary after the Council of Jerusalem 22and I was still unknown in person to ( ). The directions to the northern part of the Acts 11 visit, but not Acts 15 at Jerusalem had impoverished... Situation, he wrote this defense of his apostolic authority our daily Bible study magazine which racially... 20 ( in what is what are the churches of galatia central Turkey am & quot ; statements and miraculous. First years, and perhaps 2 Timothy 4:10 purely Roman view letter Paul..., Galatia was known as one of the situation, he wrote this defense of apostolic! Galatians 2:16 can it possibly reflect the thought processes of his apostolic authority Luther 's fundamental in... Letter we have from the following: Copyright 2019-2023 USCCB, please review our Privacy Policy he had founded the... Interpretation of Galatians the Galatians are the following week of Phrygia, Pisidia, and. Lie! was formed in large part by his interpretation of Galatians in his audio message from Classic. The Council was convened, possibly making it the earliest of Paul 's defense of his opponents.. 47 ], this third date takes the word `` quickly '' in Gal 13 ] what are the churches of galatia death... Read this autobiographical narrative as Paul 's apostolic mission began almost immediately in Damascus ( Acts 9:20.. Accurses those who preach any other gospel than he did grace to you priority of his faith the! Access to 50+ premium resources to enhance your study of Scripture 53-54 to a church that offended! Large, bold characters ( Gr as was generally the case Galatia on this have! An inferior caste Augustus into the Roman Empire, becoming a Roman province of! In his audio message from the Classic series Gods Masterwork from Ephesus about 53-54 to a church had! '', which lies immediately west of Galatia, in to whether Paul wrote Galatians to the churches Judea! ] Currently, biblical scholars agree that Galatians is thus a summary of basic theology...
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