Pop. The city is still known by its popular epithet al-Fay (the Fragrant), earned perhaps for the freshness of its surrounding orchards and gardens. [65] The governor assigned to the city which had been chosen as the capital of Islamic Syria was Mu'awiya I. [103] Two days later, 3 October 1918, the forces of the Arab revolt led by Prince Faisal also entered Damascus. In fact, it is the oldest city that has always been inhabited! [45] However, Assyrian authority was dwindling by 609605 BC, and Syria-Palestine was falling into the orbit of Pharaoh Necho II's Egypt. There is no schedule for the lines, and due to the limited number of official bus stops, buses will usually stop wherever a passenger needs to get on or off. [59], Muhammad's first indirect interaction with the people of Damascus was when he sent a letter, through his companion Shiya ibn Wahab, to Harith ibn Abi Shamir, the king of Damascus. Under Ottoman rule, Christians and Jews were considered dhimmis and were allowed to practice their religious precepts. These were the luckier citizens: many were slaughtered and their heads piled up in a field outside the north-east corner of the walls, where a city square still bears the name Burj al-Ru'us (between modern-day Al-Qassaa and Bab Tuma), originally "the tower of heads". The French made Damascus capital of their League of Nations Mandate for Syria. After the enactment of legislation allowing private higher institutions, several new universities were established in the city and in the surrounding area, including: The institutes play an important rule in the education, including: Damascus is linked with other major cities in Syria via a modern motorway network. Islamic city Detail of a mosaic from the Great Mosque, Damascus, Syria. We think SYR is the possible answer on this clue. However, by 977, the Fatimids under Caliph al-Aziz, wrested back control of the city and tamed Sunni dissidents. These members were kept as prisoners on the outskirts of the city (near Bab al-Saghir), where the other heads were kept at the same location, now called Ru's ash-Shuhad-e-Karbala or ganj-e-sarha-e-shuhada-e-Karbala. The metropolitan area of Damascus includes the cities of Douma, Harasta, Darayya, Al-Tall and Jaramana. Damascus itself grew on a terrace 2,250 feet (690 metres) above sea level, south of Mount Qsiyn and overlooking the Barad River. Get a Britannica Premium subscription and gain access to exclusive content. 7, Sect. [101] In November 1898, German emperor Wilhelm II toured Damascus, during his trip to the Ottoman Empire.[102]. In 572 BC, all of Syria had been conquered by Nebuchadnezzar II of the Neo-Babylonians, but the status of Damascus under Babylon is relatively unknown. An architect and a historian, his scholarly interests include the history and historiography Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. [143] The preparation for the festivity began in February 2007 with the establishing of the Administrative Committee for "Damascus Arab Capital of Culture" by a presidential decree.[144]. With the heralding of the Abbasid Caliphate, Damascus became eclipsed and subordinated by Baghdad, the new Islamic capital. Several thousand Christians were killed in June 1860, with many more being saved through the intervention of the Algerian exile Abd al-Qadir and his soldiers (three days after the massacre started), who brought them to safety in Abd al-Qadir's residence and the Citadel of Damascus. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. note: data are in 2015 US dollars. Upon visiting the city in 1867, Mark Twain wrote. New Urban Pods @ DMAC; Youth Mental Health Community Survey 2023; Caf DMAC is . Click the answer to find similar crossword clues . Government buildings are concentrated in an area west of the walled city around Marjah Square, along Nasr Street, and in several districts west of liyyah Street. [33] However, evidence of settlement in the wider Barada basin dating back to 9000 BC exists, although no large-scale settlement was present within Damascus' walls until the second millennium BC. 2. In the meantime Zengi was assassinated and his territory was divided among his sons, one of whom, Nur ad-Din, emir of Aleppo, made an alliance with Damascus. Coffeehouses offer Arabic coffee, tea and nargileh (water pipes). From the late 19th century on, a modern administrative and commercial center began to spring up to the west of the old city, around the Barada, centered on the area known as al-Marjeh or "the meadow". The Syrian Arab Horse Association in Damascus offers a wide range of activities and services for horse breeders and riders. [83] Saladin also besieged Kerak in 1183, but was forced to withdraw. A smaller Druze minority inhabits the city, notably in the mixed Christian-Druze suburbs of Tadamon,[124] Jaramana,[125] and Sahnaya. The Sunnis were provoked by rumors alleging there was a plot by the Isma'ilis, who controlled the strategic fort at Banias, to aid the Crusaders in capturing Damascus in return for control of Tyre. These neighborhoods originally arose on roads leading out of the city, near the tombs of religious figures. By 1154, Damascus was firmly under Nur ad-Din's control. The Old City was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1979. The majority of Muslims are Sunni while Alawites and Twelver Shi'a comprise sizeable minorities. [43] The Aramaeans initially turned Damascus into an outpost of a loose federation of Aramaean tribes, known as Aram-Zobah, based in the Beqaa Valley. Damascus is home to many football clubs that participate in the Syrian Premier League including al-Jaish, al-Shorta, Al-Wahda and Al-Majd. [114] It is located in the Barzeh district, within Syria's financial markets and securities commission. In May 1300, the Egyptian Mamluks returned from Egypt and reclaimed the entire area[93] without a battle. At the end of the Bab Sharqi street, one reaches the House of Ananias, an underground chapel that was the cellar of Ananias's house. Between 2019 and 2022, more than 100 modern buses were delivered from China as part of the international agreement. Miller records that in 1867 the population of the city was 'about' 140,000, of whom 30,000 were Christians, 10,000 Jews and 100,000 'Mohammedans' with fewer than 100 Protestant Christians. Hauran. A shrine in the mosque is said to contain the body of St. John the Baptist. Current local time in Syria - Damascus. [36] Damascus was only a peripheral part of this picture, which mostly affected the larger population centers of ancient Syria. Care-i cu americanii, care-i cu ruii? This is contrasted with the name of Yemen ( al-Yaman), correspondingly meaning "the right-hand side" or "the south". On 21 June 1941, 3 weeks into the Allied Syria-Lebanon campaign, Damascus was captured from the Vichy French forces by a mixed British Indian and Free French force. [70], Ahmad ibn Tulun, a dissenting Turkish governor appointed by the Abbasids, conquered Syria, including Damascus, from his overlords in 87879. Katz, Ketsi'ah (1981), Masoret ha-lashon ha-'Ibrit shel Yehude Aram-Tsoba (alab) bi-qri'at ha-Miqra ve-ha-Mishnah (The Hebrew Language Tradition of the Jews of Aleppo in the Reading of the Bible and Mishnah). The Umayyad Mosque, also known as the Grand Mosque of Damascus, is one of the largest mosques in the world and also one of the oldest sites of continuous prayer since the rise of Islam. These deliveries strengthened and modernized the public transport of Damascus.[140][141]. Meanwhile, Zengi, intent on putting Damascus under his control, married Safwat al-Mulk in 1138. Al-Walid died that same year and he was succeeded at first by Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik and then by Umar II, who each ruled for brief periods before the reign of Hisham in 724. Lat Long 33.516496,36.291568 Official Language Arabic Area Code Country code: 963, City code: 11 Time Zone EET (UTC+2) Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3) Airport (DAM) Damascus International Airport Mount Qasioun The etymology of the ancient name mq is uncertain. Territorial control in Syria has changed many times since the country's uprising began more than four years ago, with long periods of attrition . With military support from Sharaf al-Din Mawdud of Mosul, Toghtekin managed to halt Crusader raids in the Golan and Hauran. Damascus is made up of a sizable old city, divided into the market area, Muslim area, Christian area, and a small Jewish area. The M1 highway connects the city to the western Syria and Beirut. At other times it was ruled by the Ayyubid rulers of Egypt. However, in ancient times this was mitigated by the Barada River, which originates from mountain streams fed by melting snow. $61.9 billion (2013 est.) Consequently, Zengi withdrew his army and focused on campaigns against northern Syria. There are about one hundred lines that operate inside the city and some of them extend from the city center to nearby suburbs. Travelers to Damascus have been struck by the sight of aspens and poplars growing along streams, of fruit (particularly apricot) and nut orchards, and of olive groves and vegetable gardens. During this time, according to an Ottoman census, Damascus had 10,423 households. In early 1516, the Ottoman Empire, wary of the danger of an alliance between the Mamluks and the Persian Safavids, started a campaign of conquest against the Mamluk sultanate. i care-i nfrit cu Timioara", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Damascus&oldid=1158493528, Source 2: NOAA (sunshine hours, 19611990), Higher Institute of Business Administration, Syrian International Academy for Training and Development, This page was last edited on 4 June 2023, at 11:47. These new neighborhoods were initially settled by Kurdish soldiery and Muslim refugees from the European regions of the Ottoman Empire which had fallen under Christian rule. A huge number of the city's artisans were taken to Timur's capital at Samarkand. Within the first six months of Abbasid rule, revolts began erupting in the city, albeit too isolated and unfocused to present a viable threat. 2", "The Emperor's visit to the East: As reflected in contemporary Arabic journalism", "Public transportation in Damascus is having an uphill go of it", "Heavy gunfire in Syria's capital during the weekend", "Syrian military in full control of Damascus for first time in years", "Revealed: The world's best (and worst) cities to live in", "Damascus, Tripoli and Algiers are least liveable cities in the world, says study", "Damascus Revels in Its New Allure to Investors", "Report: Office Space Across the World 2009", "Inauguration of Damascus Stock Exchange", "AFP: Syria launches first stock exchange", "Kurds of Damascus: Trapped between Secession and Integration", "As Fighting Rages in Damascus, Kurds Flee Their Neighborhoods", "Despite pressure Druze remain in regime camp", "Syrian Sufis Divided As Salafist Influence Grows", https://www.al-islam.org/ziyarat/syria.htm#Damascus, "Jewish Quarter of Damascus blooms again", "Old Damascus struggles to cope in the new Syria", "2008 World Monuments Watch List Of 100 Most Endangered Sites", "Syria receives one hundred domestic traffic-buses offered by China", "China grants 100 buses to Syria in contribution to enhancing transport sector", " " ", "Syria hosts first international basketball tourney in years", "Care-i cel mai nfrit ora din Romnia? Damascus . It is home to Damascus University, which is the oldest and largest university in Syria. The Romans occupied Damascus and subsequently incorporated it into the league of ten cities known as the Decapolis[48] which themselves were incorporated into the province of Syria and granted autonomy. At the suburb of Soufanieh a series of apparitions of the Virgin Mary have reportedly been observed between 1982 and 2004. Its life has been nourished periodically by immigrants from the hinterland and from the Mediterranean Basin and Southwest Asia. The oasis city sits on the edge of the Syrian-Arab desert about 130 miles northeast of Jerusalem and is said to be one of the most beautiful cities in all of western Asia. Arabic was also established as the official language, giving the Muslim minority of the city an advantage over the Aramaic-speaking Christians in administrative affairs. Damascus is the center of a crowded metropolitan area with an estimated population of 5million. The Anti-Lebanon Mountains mark the border between Syria and Lebanon. Get Damascus's weather and area codes, time zone and DST. Today, it consists of the street of Bab Sharqi and the Souk Medhat Pasha, a covered market. Following their victory at the Battle of Wadi al-Khaznadar, the Mongols led by Ghazan besieged the city for ten days, which surrendered between December 30, 1299, and January 6, 1300, though its Citadel resisted. Little remains of the architecture of the Romans, but the town planning of the old city did have a lasting effect. It occupies the former location of the decumanus maximus (main east-west thoroughfare) of the Classical city, which lies some 15 feet (5 metres) below the modern street level; no cardo maximus (main north-south thoroughfare) has been positively identified. A depiction of these by William Henry Bartlett was published in 1836, along with a poetical illustration by Letitia Elizabeth Landon, see Cafes in Damascus.. On 15 December, he left Damascus by Bab al-Jabiya, intent on the conquest of Egypt. The city's growth rate is higher than that of the country as a whole, owing mainly to steady migration from rural areas. Still today the Old Town of Damascus retains the rectangular shape of the Roman city, with its two main axes: the Decumanus Maximus (east-west; known today as the Via Recta) and the Cardo (north-south), the Decumanus being about twice as long. Located in south-western Syria, Damascus is the . The Crossword Solver finds answers to classic crosswords and cryptic crossword puzzles. [64] While the Muslims administered the city, the population of Damascus remained mostly ChristianEastern Orthodox and Monophysitewith a growing community of Muslims from Mecca, Medina, and the Syrian Desert. As a result, the area of the old city between Al-Hamidiyah Souq and Medhat Pasha Souq was burned to the ground, with many deaths, and has since then been known as al-Hariqa ("the fire"). As a result, he granted Israel trading rights in Damascus. Damascus, Arabic Dimashq, city, capital of Syria. It is home to the annual Damascus Flower Show. Summers are prolonged, dry and hot with less humidity. Damascus is surrounded by the Ghouta, irrigated farmland where many vegetables, cereals, and fruits have been farmed since ancient times. [34], Some of the earliest Egyptian records are from the 1350 BC Amarna letters, when Damascus (called Dimasqu) was ruled by king Biryawaza. Mapcarta, the open map. Damascus experienced tremendous growth during the second half of the 20th century, with its population estimated to have increased more than tenfold. Seleucus I Nicator, one of Alexander's generals, made Antioch the capital of his vast empire, which led to the decline of Damascus' importance compared with new Seleucid cities such as Latakia in the north. Damascuss position on the edge of the desert and at the eastern end of the easiest route through the Anti-Lebanon range made it a trade centre where caravan routes originated and terminated. The Romans built a monumental gate which still survives at the eastern end of Decumanus Maximus. The Anti-Lebanon range gets far greater amounts of both rain and winter snow, which annually replenish the water table that is a source of the Barad River and other, more minor springs watering Damascus. [19] The city is also known as a-m by the citizens of Damascus, of Syria and other Arab neighbors and Turkey (e-am). It was ruled by Abu Sa'id Taj ad-Dawla Tutush I starting in 1079 and he was succeeded by his son Abu Nasr Duqaq in 1095. Mawdud was assassinated in the Umayyad Mosque in 1109, depriving Damascus of northern Muslim backing and forcing Toghtekin to agree to a truce with the Crusaders in 1110. Something you click . [82] In 1177 Saladin was defeated by the crusaders at the Battle of Montgisard, despite his numerical superiority. The massacre of Christians in 1860 was also one of the most notorious incidents of these centuries, when fighting between Druze and Maronites in Mount Lebanon spilled over into the city. The Arab geographer, al-Muqaddasi, visited Damascus in 985, remarking that the architecture and infrastructure of the city was "magnificent", but living conditions were awful. 10 July 2015. Twelvers primarily live near the Shia holy sites of Sayyidah Ruqayya and Sayyidah Zaynab. He finally launched a full invasion of Jerusalem in 1187, and annihilated the crusader army at the Battle of Hattin in July. Christians represent about 10%15% of the population. [111], The tourism industry in Damascus has a lot of potential, however the civil war has hampered these prospects. 4", "The Antiquities of the Jews, by Flavius Josephus, Book 1, Ch. Three years after al-Hakim's mysterious disappearance, the Arab tribes of southern Syria formed an alliance to stage a massive rebellion against the Fatimids, but they were crushed by the Fatimid Turkish governor of Syria and Palestine, Anushtakin al-Duzbari, in 1029. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major cultural centre of the Levant and the Arab world. The largest women-only and girls-only Muslim movement in the world happens to be Sufi-oriented and is based in Damascus, led by Munira al-Qubaysi. Damascus is the main center of education in Syria. [88], Ayyubid rule (and independence) came to an end with the Mongol invasion of Syria in 1260, in which the Mongols led by Kitbuqa entered the city on 1 March 1260, along with the King of Armenia, Hethum I, and the Prince of Antioch, Bohemond VI; hence, the citizens of Damascus saw for the first time for six centuries three Christian potentates ride in triumph through their streets. Today it is called Bahira Atayba, the hesitant lake because in years of severe drought, it does not even exist. The city's famous Ghouta oasis is also a weekend-destination for recreation. The control of the city passed frequently from one empire to the other. Many taxi companies operate in Damascus. However, after Hadadzezer was killed by his successor, Hazael, the Levantine alliance collapsed. [84], The surviving crusaders, joined by new arrivals from Europe, put Acre to a lengthy siege which lasted until 1191. the war-driven deterioration of the economy resulted in a disappearance of quality national level statistics in the 2012-13 period. There are seven extant city gates, the oldest of which dates back to the Roman period. In spite of the recommendations of the UNESCO World Heritage Center:[135], In October 2010, Global Heritage Fund named Damascus one of 12 cultural heritage sites most "on the verge" of irreparable loss and destruction.[137]. country comparison to the world: 114. Maps of Roman Syria indicate that the Barada river emptied into a lake of some size east of Damascus. What country is Damascus today? A Europeanized residential quarter soon began to be built on the road leading between al-Marjeh and al-Salihiyah. Damascus remained the capital. [110], The historical role that Damascus played as an important trade center has changed in recent years due to political development in the region as well as the development of modern trade. [95] Later on, the Black Death of 13481349 killed as much as half of the city's population.[96]. [46], Damascus was conquered by Alexander the Great. The citys orthogonal plan deteriorated during the late Byzantine period in the 6th and 7th centuries. [15] [51] The control of Damascus reverted to Syria either upon the death of Herod the Great or was part of the lands given to Herod Philip which were given to Syria with his death in 33/34 AD. In the 19th century outlying villages developed on the slopes of Jabal Qasioun, overlooking the city, already the site of the al-Salihiyah neighborhood centered on the important shrine of medieval Andalusian Sheikh and philosopher Ibn Arabi. The city's growth rate is higher than Syria as a whole, primarily due to rural-urban migration and the influx of young Syrian migrants drawn by employment and educational opportunities. [citation needed]. During the ByzantineSasanian War of 602628, the city was besieged and captured by Shahrbaraz in 613, along with a large number of Byzantine troops as prisoners,[58] and was in Sasanian hands until near the end of the war. Japanese Dutch Great Mosque of the Umayyads Sacred Sites Outstanding Universal Value Brief synthesis Founded in the 3rd millennium B.C., Damascus was an important cultural and commercial centre, by virtue of its geographical position at the crossroads of the orient and the occident, between Africa and Asia. However, the Versailles Conference had granted France a mandate over Syria, and in 1920 a French army commanded by the General Mariano Goybet crossed the Anti-Lebanon Mountains, defeated a small Syrian defensive expedition at the Battle of Maysalun and entered Damascus. After Duqaq's death in 1104, his mentor (atabeg), Toghtekin, took control of Damascus and the Burid line of the Seljuq dynasty. "But of course!" crossword clue - NYT. [citation needed] Several Eastern Christian rites have their headquarters in Damascus, including the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch. [42], The city would gain pre-eminence in southern Syria when Ezron, the claimant to Aram-Zobah's throne who was denied kingship of the federation, fled Beqaa and captured Damascus by force in 965 BC. [2] The majority of factories are run by the state, however limited privatization in addition to economic activities led by the private sector, were permitted starting in the early 2000s with the liberalization of trade that took place. Shias, Fatemids and Dawoodi Bohras believe that after the battle of Karbala (680 AD), in Iraq, the Umayyad Caliph Yezid brought Imam Husain's head to Damascus, where it was first kept in the courtyard of Yezid Mahal, now part of Umayyad Mosque complex. Damascus has busy nightlife. In the 20th century, newer suburbs developed north of the Barada, and to some extent to the south, invading the Ghouta oasis. Aram-Damascus came out victorious, temporarily preventing the Assyrians from encroaching into Syria. This conflict continued until the early 8th century BC when Ben-Hadad II was captured by Israel after unsuccessfully besieging Samaria. muhafazah). Government efforts to retain green areas and to zone housing and industry have been plagued not only by overwhelming population growth but also by administrative laxity and corruption. The same network was later improved by the Romans and the Umayyads, and still forms the basis of the water system of the old part of the city today. Early settlers were naturally attracted to a place where a river, the Barad, rising in the Anti-Lebanon Mountains (Al-Jabal al-Sharq), watered a large and fertile oasis before vanishing into the desert. Acre fell to Saladin soon after, and Jerusalem itself was captured in October. Assyrians from encroaching into Syria and is based in Damascus, Syria of Sharqi. The Barzeh district, within Syria 's financial markets and securities commission represent about 10 % 15 % of 20th. Unesco World Heritage site in 1979 about one hundred lines that operate the! Has been nourished periodically by immigrants from the city which had been as. 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