Please note that content linked from this page may have different licensing terms. Alexander also ordered the murder of Attalus,[50] who was in command of the advance guard of the army in Asia Minor and Cleopatra's uncle. [197] Alexander placed the phalanx at the center and cavalry and archers on the wings, so that his line matched the length of the Persian cavalry line, about 3km (1.86mi). Ronald H. Fritze, Egyptomania: A History of Fascination, Obsession and Fantasy, p. 103. Although the Persian army outnumbered his own, it was less disciplined and poorly led. They went on to occupy the city of Elatea, only a few days' march from both Athens and Thebes. [104] However, when, at some point later, Alexander was on the Jaxartes dealing with an incursion by a horse nomad army, Spitamenes raised Sogdiana in revolt. Direct link to williamtutwiler's post Was Alexander the great n, Posted 3 years ago. [297] As a consequence, the Phalangarii of Legio II Parthica may not have been pikemen, but rather standard battle line troops or possibly Triarii. Ruins of the 19th-century citadel of Kandahar. [139], Meanwhile, upon his return to Persia, Alexander learned that guards of the tomb of Cyrus the Great in Pasargadae had desecrated it, and swiftly executed them. When Alexander learned about this, he was furious. [219] His intelligent and rational side was amply demonstrated by his ability and success as a general. Nicolle, David (2000). After this, details on the fate of the tomb are hazy.[174]. Alexander then marched for three days to the Danube, encountering the Getae tribe on the opposite shore. [196] Alexander also recognized the potential for disunity among his diverse army, which employed various languages and weapons. AR Tetradrachm (25mm, 17.15 g, 1h). [287] The Corinthian order is also heavily represented in the art of Gandhara, especially through Indo-Corinthian capitals. By offering Polyperchon various bribes such as a sinecure and a large number of talents, Cassander persuaded him to murder Heracles, and Polyperchon retired to obscurity once more. Alexander was groomed for rulership from an early age and acceeded to the throne after the assassination of his father, Philip II. Bucephalus or Bucephalas (/ b ju s f l s /; Ancient Greek: ; c. 355 BC - June 326 BC) was the horse of Alexander the Great, and one of the most famous horses of classical antiquity. [226], Alexander was erudite and patronized both arts and sciences. [112], In general, Greece enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity during Alexander's campaign in Asia. [128] The other was Nicaea (Victory), thought to be located at the site of modern-day Mong, Punjab. [199] At the decisive encounter with Darius at Gaugamela, Darius equipped his chariots with scythes on the wheels to break up the phalanx and equipped his cavalry with pikes. [198], At Issus in 333 BC, his first confrontation with Darius, he used the same deployment, and again the central phalanx pushed through. He had a great desire for knowledge, a love for philosophy, and was an avid reader. Netchev, Simeon. . Alexander IV (Greek: ; 323309 BC), erroneously called sometimes in modern times Aegus,[2] was the son of Alexander the Great (Alexander III of Macedon) and Princess Roxana of Bactria. The first refers merely to the Roman battle line and does not specifically mean that the men were armed with pikes, and the second bears similarity to the 'Marian Mules' of the late Roman Republic who carried their equipment suspended from a long pole, which were in use until at least the 2nd century AD. [70], In spring 333 BC, Alexander crossed the Taurus into Cilicia. In addition to speech works, sculptures and paintings, in modern times Alexander is still the subject of musical and cinematic works. Following Alexander's death, many Greeks who had settled in these cities tried to return to Greece. [59], News then reached Alexander that the Illyrian chieftain Cleitus and King Glaukias of the Taulantii were in open revolt against his authority. [106] This was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes. [234] Alexander adopted elements of Persian dress and customs at court, notably proskynesis, which was one aspect of Alexander's broad strategy aimed at securing the aid and support of the Iranian upper classes;[102] however the practise of proskynesis was disapproved by the Macedonians, and they were unwilling to perform it. Starting at 8 a.m. [49] A settlement named Alexandropolis was supposedly founded near Nysa, but there is no evidence to support a foundation so soon after the army's passage of the Caspian Gates. One Greek king, Menander I, probably became Buddhist, and was immortalized in Buddhist literature as 'Milinda'. Retrieved from https://www.worldhistory.org/image/14368/cities-named-alexandria-by-alexander-the-great/. [219] While Alexander worried that his father would leave him "no great or brilliant achievement to be displayed to the world",[220] he also downplayed his father's achievements to his companions. Justin stated that Alexander was the victim of a poisoning conspiracy, Plutarch dismissed it as a fabrication,[154] while both Diodorus and Arrian noted that they mentioned it only for the sake of completeness. [91] Curtius claims that Alexander did not regret his decision until the next morning. [200] During his lifetime, Alexander carefully curated his image by commissioning works from famous and great artists of the time. [40] During the wedding banquet, a drunken Attalus publicly prayed to the gods that the union would produce a legitimate heir. [citation needed] Perhaps taking his summons to Babylon as a death sentence[156] and having seen the fate of Parmenion and Philotas,[157] Antipater purportedly arranged for Alexander to be poisoned by his son Iollas, who was Alexander's wine-pourer. The horns were the symbol of the Egyptian god Amunor Zeus, who is often conflated with Amunfrom whom Alexander claimed descent. The common soldiers, anxious about his health, were granted the right to file past him as he silently waved at them. [17], The conquest by Philip II of Pangaeum and then of the island of Thasos between 356 and 342 BC brought rich gold and silver mines under Macedonian control. [283][285][286] The Yavanajataka (lit. )", East-West Orientation of Historical Empires, "The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, Pella (Khirbet Fahil) Jordan", "The Narratives of "the Companions of the Cave," Moses and His Servant, and Dh 'l-Qarnayn in Srat al-Kahf", "The Mughal Sikander: Influence of the Romance of Alexander on Mughal Manuscript Painting", "Quintus Curtius Rufus, History of Alexander the Great", Philip and Alexander: Kings and Conquerors, Alexander the Great: An annotated list of primary sources, "The Elusive Tomb of Alexander the Great", "Alexander the Great and Sherlock Holmes", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Alexander_the_Great&oldid=1159090953, Construction of 1,000 ships larger than triremes, along with harbours and a road running along the African coast all the way to the, Amalgamation of small settlements into larger cities (", Construction of a monumental tomb for his father Philip, "to match the greatest of the, This page was last edited on 8 June 2023, at 05:21. The death of the son necessitated the death of the father, and thus Parmenion, who had been charged with guarding the treasury at Ecbatana, was assassinated at Alexander's command, to prevent attempts at vengeance. We know of two sons of Alexander the Great, which are Alexander IV and Heracles. The Macedonians were a Greek tribe. [81] The Greeks interpreted this message - one that the gods addressed to all pharaohs - as a prophecy.[78]. Read a biography about Alexander the Great from his early life to becoming a military leader. [162] Veratrum album poisoning can have a prolonged course and it was suggested that if Alexander was poisoned, Veratrum album offers the most plausible cause. Source: Wikipedia A city that was first dubbed "Alexandria in Arachosia" in ancient times is now the modern city of Kandahar in Afghanistan. Image credit: Surprisingly, Alexander himself did not issue coins with his own image; his successors did. [262], Over the course of his conquests, Alexander founded some twenty cities that bore his name, most of them east of the Tigris. He also adopted elements of the Persian court culture, implementing his own version of their royal robes and imitating some court ceremonies. The gold series had the head of Athena on the obverse and a winged Nike (Victory) on the reverse. [43] However, it appears Philip never intended to disown his politically and militarily trained son. [188], Diodorus stated that Alexander had given detailed written instructions to Craterus some time before his death, which are known as Alexander's "last plans". [21], Alexander was able to quote Euripides from memory. In 336 he sent Parmenion, with Amyntas, Andromenes and Attalus, and an army of 10,000 men into Anatolia to make preparations for an invasion. [15] Such legends may have emerged when Alexander was king, and possibly at his instigation, to show that he was superhuman and destined for greatness from conception. [191] Other scholars have proposed that they were invented by later authors within the tradition of the Alexander Romance. It is likely that this tradition was merely a local legend. Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library, Washington, DC. During his stay in Egypt, he founded Alexandria, which would become the prosperous capital of the Ptolemaic Kingdom after his death. That said, Alexander's empire didn't last long. [37] While the later authors Pausanias, Pliny, and Aelius Aristides recorded traditions which held that Alexander refounded Smyrna, Strabo, writing in the first century BC, instead noted that the settlement was revived by Antigonus I Monophthalmus after Alexander's death. This cost him the sympathies of many of his countrymen, and he eventually abandoned it. For those peculiarities which many of his successors and friends afterwards tried to imitate, namely, the poise of the neck, which was bent slightly to the left, and the melting glance of his eyes, this artist has accurately observed. [130], East of Porus's kingdom, near the Ganges River, was the Nanda Empire of Magadha, and further east, the Gangaridai Empire of Bengal region of the Indian subcontinent. [310], The figure of Dhu al-Qarnayn (literally "the Two-Horned One") mentioned in the Quran is believed by scholars to be based on later legends of Alexander. Alexander swiftly conquered large areas of Western Asia and Egypt before defeating the Persian king Darius III in battle at Issus and Gaugamela. [222], According to Plutarch, Alexander also had a violent temper and rash, impulsive nature,[223] and this could influence his decision making. 1. We have ancient narratives of Alexanders life, written between 30 BCE and the third century CEhundreds of years after his death. 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