Read on to learn about Thurgood Marshall's impact on the civil rights movement and the significance of the cases he both argued and decided. Although black children outnumbered white students in Hearne, the physical plant of the existing high school for white students was estimated to have a value of $3.5 million. Get the latest History stories in your inbox? The case was dismissed at the district court level and reaffirmed the principle of segregation in Texas schools. Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP were also wary of the Bureau's prying eyes, but they were more concerned about white supremacist terrorist groups like the KKK. I would call him the greatest lawyer of the twentieth century., 2023 Minute Media - All Rights Reserved. Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305. to expand the civil rights movement to include all african americans Students also viewed 9.2 9 terms maanasavollu Chapter 16 Section 3 History And many of his most well-known legal battles were fought against discrimination in public education, like Brown v. Board of Education (1954). 3. It wasn't all smooth sailing. It took several months for him to take the position as Southern Senators tried to delay his confirmation, but once in the position, Marshall served for four years. In 1940 he began directing the newly created NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund. I still don't." Thurgood Marshall may have been a Supreme Court Justice, but his work before the prestigious honor was just as remarkable. He won 29 of those cases, including landmark decisions about school segregation and voting rights. Black parents were powerfully affected by the contrast between the U.S. stance against Nazis on the global stage and the embrace of Jim Crow at home. WebWhich statement(s) below did Thurgood Marshall use to argue against segregation of public schools in Brown v. Board of Education? This set the precedent for future cases and gave legal standing to segregation. He served the civil rights movement in various capacities. Marshall later became chief counsel for the NAACP and argued numerous civil rights cases before the Supreme Court. As chief legal counsel of the NAACP, Marshall oversaw hundreds of cases. The police, fearing the bad publicity, ultimately gave in and drove Marshall back to Columbia, and from there he and his companions drove to Nashville, just ahead of the mob. But he was also the subject of FBI investigation, under the direction of J. Edgar Hoover. On the Court, Marshall displayed great sensitivity to First Amendment freedoms and regularly voted to protect the free speech rights of employees. October 6, 2017 In "Marshall," a new movie starring Chadwick Boseman and Josh Gad, the future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall argues a case for a black man accused of rape. Warings searing, powerful dissent in Briggs v. Elliot, the South Carolina Brown case, became the template for the Supreme Courts decision in Brown. In 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him to the position of solicitor general. Thurgood Marshall attended college at Lincoln University before applying to the University of Maryland Law School. The Court agreed, setting a new precedent that declared segregation inherently unconstitutional. Despite his stellar academic record, the school denied his application because of his racethe University of Maryland was still segregated. He was bundled into an unmarked car, supposedly headed to the police station, but Looby was suspicious and decided to follow. According to the most common version of what happened, Johnson appointed Justice Tom Clarks son, Ramsey, as the Attorney General, which made the elder Clarkwho feared a conflict of interestretire on June 12, 1967. Thanks to barriers on employment, education and residency, African-Americans were left with few options beyond domestic work of the type Spell performed. And, though segregation was not the law of the land in states like Connecticut (and Marshall was less likely to face the threat of physical violence in the course of doing his job there), the Spell case is a reminder that such a shield was necessary in the North too. He was released in 1968, and died in 1970. Thurgood Marshall is important because of the large role he played in advancing the civil rights movement. After graduating, he applied to the University of Maryland School of Law, but was turned down because he was Black. WebFor more than 20 years, Associate Justice Thurgood Marshall voted to expand the Bill of Rights by favoring greater free expression, more restrictions on police misconduct, and increased opportunities for racial minorities, welfare recipients, and other marginal groups in American society. Six years later, Marshall won a big victory for teachers like his mother, when a federal court struck down pay discrimination against African-American teachers in Maryland. Most significant was Brown v. Board of Education (1954), a landmark case that provided for racial desegregation of public schools. Irvin and Sammy Shepherd were sentenced to death, while 16-year-old Charles Greenlee was sentenced to life in prison. In 1896, the Supreme Court decided Plessy v. Ferguson and established the separate but equal doctrine. Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Marshall's closest brush with death came on November 18, 1946, in Columbia, Tennessee. . Marshall went on to fight for teacher pay equality in 10 states across the South. P: (650) 723-2092 | F: (650) 723-2093 | kinginstitute@stanford.edu| Campus Map. Other civil rights lawyers, and the African American parents they represented, were also emboldened after World War II. US Entry into WW1. His mother Norma was a Kindergarten teacher and his father William worked as a dining car waiter before becoming chief steward at a country club. Over 50 years after his historic appointment to the nations highest court, Marshall is remembered both for his trailblazing work and for his big personality. Thurgood Marshall. But he did aim to use his time on the Court to influence law in a way that conservatives bristled at. The decision combined five separate cases brought by the NAACP against segregation in schools in five districts. Brown v. Board finally overturned the separate but equal doctrine that had been in place for over five decades. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. They went on to have two children together. WebTreaty of Brest-Litovsk. In 1940, the NAACP founded the Legal Defense and Education Fund with Thurgood Marshall at the helm as Special Counsel. Martin Luther King, Jr. was top of Hoover's list of targets, mainly because Hoover believed he had ties to Communists. Karst, Kenneth L. "Justice Marshall and the First Amendment." Josh Gad, Chadwick Boseman and Sterling K. Brown in a scene from. WebThurgood Marshall is part of the civil rights movement and the Brown vs Board of Education case is critical to establishing the philosophy that separate is not equal. This article was originally published in 2009., http://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1345/thurgood-marshall. For example, while they lived in a nice area and Marshall went to a good school, it was a segregated, all-Black school. Houston planned to recruit up-and-coming Black lawyers to fight the NAACP's battle against segregation laws. Ending codified segregation would not mean the end of NAACPs legal work. And, as the first Black Supreme Court Justice, Marshall was a trailblazer, opening the door for later Black Justices. In 1967, President Johnson wanted to put Marshall on the Supreme Courtbut there wasn't a vacancy, so Johnson decided to do a little political maneuvering. Marshalls commitment to the First Amendment extended to prison inmates. Worried that he would be replaced with a conservative, Thurgood Marshall would tell his clerks, "If I die, prop me up and keep on voting." Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Marshall said that he would have been lynched if not for the arrival of his colleagues. W.E.B. As Thurgood Marshall wrote in his 1948 letter to the editors of The Dallas Morning News, I think that before this country takes up the position that I must demand complete equality of right of citizens of all other countries throughout the world, we must first demonstrate our good faith by showing that in this country our Negro Americans are recognized as full citizens with complete equality.. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. I used to have a lot of fights with Martin about his theory about disobeying the law. He often volunteered with the NAACP and in 1935, Charles Houston helped get Marshall appointed as Assistant Special Counsel for New York. Therefore, laws based on "separate but equal" violated their rights under the Equals Rights Clause in the Fourteenth Amendment. A few weeks later, in September 1947, African American parents initiated a mass boycott. He was once arrested over a physical altercation with a white man who pulled Marshall off a trolley car because he got in ahead of a white woman. He retired in 1991 and died two years later in 1993. War of Attrition. In 1965, Thurgood Marshall left his position as a federal judge to take on an even higher office as Solicitor General of the United States under President Lyndon B. Johnson. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. Marshall and local attorney Samuel Friedman (played in the movie by Josh Gad) suggested that Strubing had lied about the rape in order to deal with her own guilt and fear about what she had done, and convinced the jury that her story was inconsistent with her own prior statements and the physical evidence. WebResource Life Story: Pauli Murray (1910-1985) Bringing the Struggles of Identity to the Fight for Civil Rights The story of a woman who advocated for full equality, regardless of race, gender, or sexuality. Marshall's most famous legal victory, Brown v. Board of Education, preceded King's first nationally recognized civil rights campaign, the Montgomery bus boycott, by about a year. As the new precedent, Brown v. Board led to the end of segregation outside of the school system as well. She died in February 1955. Marshall wrote, Vigilance is necessary to ensure that public employers do not use authority over employees to silence discourse, not because it hampers public functions but simply because superiors disagree with the content of employees speech., Marshalls powerful language in Police Department of Chicago v. Mosley (1972) ushered in the Courts content discrimination principle, which became the Courts chief methodological tool for deciding free expression cases. He made them read the newspaper every day, and held debates with them around the dinner table, in which they were expected to defend every point they made. As a result, he earned the title of the Great Dissenter., Justice Thurgood Marshalls Accomplishments. In 1954, the Supreme Court decided unanimously in favor of Brown. If you put them in the scale, they would weigh very heavy, because it reached peoples consciousness, The Institute cannot give permission to use or reproduce any of the writings, statements, or images of Martin Luther King, Jr. There were any number of cases [the NAACP] could have taken but they only had so many lawyers and the resources were limited, so they had to be very careful about the cases they picked. The standoff between African American parents in Hearne and the local white school superintendent drew the attention of attorney Thurgood Marshall. WebCivil Rights Leaders The hard-won advancements of civil rights were made possible by the struggle, commitment, and work of people who stood up to discrimination and white supremacy. In 1967, Marshall was confirmed as a Supreme Court Justice the first Black person to serve on the highest court in the country. The Hearne lawsuit was one of a cadre of small, unsuccessful cases extending back to Marshalls late 1930s schoolteacher-pay-equality cases in Maryland and Virginia. Thurgood Marshall's most significant case was. In 1934, he took a second job at a clinic that treated sexually transmitted diseases. He was not just a judge but a federal judge and Supreme Court Justice. These cookies do not store any personal information. While his parents tried to shield him from the worst of racism, Thurgood Marshall was witness to many forms of racial discrimination as a child. Marshall was subjected to more hours of questioning than any Supreme Court nominee before him. Image courtesy Library of Congress. Her action prodded Marshall and the LDF lawyers to file Davis v. Prince Edward County, Virginia, one of the four Brown cases. Arizona State Law Review 26 (1994): 461-478. And yet it provides a window into a side of civil-rights history that is often overshadowed but no less important. President John F. Kennedy appointed Marshall to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in 1961. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. He argued the law violated the Fourteenth Amendments equal protection clause, which guarantees equal protection under the law. The Supreme Court denied his appeal stating that facilities could be separate, so long as they were equal. The decision cracked the load-bearing wall of legal segregation. His fears were proved right: the car left the road and headed towards the Duck River a notorious lynching spot, now filled with a white mob. Check here if you would like to receive subscription offers and other promotions via email from TIME group companies. Solicitor General, which again meant arguing cases in front of the Supreme Court, this time on behalf of the federal government. As Mark V. Tushnet explains in his book Making Civil Rights Law, headline-making criminal cases were one of the most effective branch recruitment tools at their disposal in the pre-war 1940s especially because of the organizations widely publicized stance on only taking such cases when they believed the defendant was innocent. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. It is mandatory to procure user consent prior to running these cookies on your website. He believed in a living Constitution that evolved in meaning as society evolved. David L. Hudson, Jr. is a law professor at Belmont who publishes widely on First Amendment topics. After passing the bar, he set up his own private practice in Baltimore, but in 1935 he started working as a part-time legal counsel for the NAACP. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. Have all your study materials in one place. From 1965 to 1967, Marshall served under President Lyndon B. Johnson as solicitor general, the governments chief appellant lawyer before the Supreme Court, another first for an African American. President John F. Kennedy sent his brother Bobby to meet with Marshall about civil rights in 1961. People would listen, locally and nationally. Marshall, Houston, and Murray won the case, forcing the University of Maryland to desegregate. Despite his lack of formal education, William was determined that Thurgood and his older brother Aubrey be informed about the world. Like all civil rights leaders, Thurgood Marshall was not a perfect person and he didn't always find himself on the prevailing side of history, at least not in his public declarations. Explore our app and discover over 50 million learning materials for free. The Thurgood Marshall College Fund is Screenshots are considered by the King Estate a violation of this notice. http://mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1345/thurgood-marshall, The Free Speech Center operates with your generosity! Thurgood Marshall was traveling with fellow Black NAACP lawyer Zephaniah Alexander Looby, and a white lawyer and journalist, when their car was stopped by police, who falsely accused Marshall of drunk driving. (Justice Marshall was a devoted fan of Days of Our Lives and as solicitor general was known to drink bourbon and tell stories full of lies with President Lyndon Johnson.) When convicted for violating the law, he appealed. For example, the history of the Black Panthers includes stories of FBI informants and fake letters that exacerbated divisions between the party's leaders. He founded the What organization founded by the NAACP in 1940 did Thurgood Marshall serve as Special Counsel for? Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP appealed the case to the Supreme Court and won a retrial for Irvin and Shepherd (Greenlee didn't appeal.) Will you pass the quiz? In 1936, Marshall and his mentor Charles Hamilton Houston served as the attorneys for Donald Gaines Murray, a law student who filed suit after he, like Marshall, was rejected by the University of Maryland School of Law over his race. Proving his innocence was also a matter of economic life and death, as reports spread of fearful white families dismissing their black employees. Throughout the Civil Rights Movement, Marshall disagreed with King's strategy of using non-violent demonstrations and marches to win civil rights, fearing that these would provoke a backlash and lead to attacks and riots against Black people. Thurgood Marshall traveled all over the country, defending plaintiffs in cases that could strike a blow to segregation and racism. He masterminded the strategy of attacking the "separate but equal" doctrine that had formed the legal backbone of segregation since 1896 by challenging segregation in schools. Check all that apply . sayshe would move from one house to another to avoid detection, change cars mid-journey, and use disguises. King to Marshall, 6 February 1958, in Papers 4:360. Thurgood Marshall and Martin Luther King both dedicated their lives and risked them to fight systemic racism in the US. In 1980, the University of Maryland named its new law library after Thurgood Marshall, but the then-Supreme Court Justice refused to attend the naming ceremony, saying the college was only trying to "salve its conscience.". Sign up to highlight and take notes. Ernest Thomas was killed by a mob led by the county's notoriously racist sheriff, Willis McCall. What doctrine did Thurgood Marshall help overturn inBrown v. Board of Education? Smithsonian magazine participates in affiliate link advertising programs. Terms of Use Marshall did acknowledge King as, achieved much. In the small town of Hearne, Texas, starting in the fall of 1947, the contrast between the U.S. fight against Nazism abroad and its embrace of a rigid racial caste system at home was dramatized in a battle over segregated schools. Born in Baltimore, Maryland, Marshall grew up in a middle class, politically active black family, and was taught early on to challenge injustice. His feast day is on May 17, the day the Brown v. Board of Education decision was handed down in 1954. William would also take his sons to watch court trials in Baltimore. In 1936, Thurgood Marshall took over as Special Counsel of New York, taking the position from Charles Houston. In communities around the South, Black parents sought and received the assistance of local NAACP lawyers to challenge the absence of school facilities for their children, or the substandard educational facilities and investment in Black schools. Instead, Marshall earned his law degree from Howard University Law School in Washington, D.C. In 1961, President John F. Kennedy appointed Thurgood Marshall federal judge to the Second Circuit of Appeals in New York City. Marshalls was a consistent liberal voice on a Court that was increasingly conservative. Marshall also consistently sided with public school students in First Amendment cases. oth through the cases he argued and the cases he decided. He enrolled for pre-med because his mother wanted him to become a dentist but remained just as fun-loving: he joined a fraternity and led the debate club. Thoroughgood Marshall was born in Maryland in 1908. The celebrated lawyer saw criminal cases like Joseph Spells as something of a break from the segregation cases that tended to occupy his time. Upon graduation, Marshall attended Lincoln University in Oxford, Pennsylvania where he joined the debate club and helped desegregate a local movie theater. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer who was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1967. If the First Amendment means anything, it means that a State has no business telling a man, sitting alone in his own house, what books he may read or what films he may watch, Marshall wrote. Thurgood Marshall may have been a Supreme Court Justice, but his work before the prestigious honor was just as remarkable. If you put them in the scale, they would weigh very heavy, because it reached peoples consciousness(Marshall, 479). From the book FOUR HUNDRED SOULS: A Community History of African America, 1619-2019 edited by Ibram X. Kendi and Keisha N. Blain. However, it was in the fight against school segregation that Houston came up with the clever argument that would make him famous. Shelton State and five other Alabama community colleges Bishop State in Mobile, Drake State in Huntsville, Lawson State in Birmingham, Gadsden State in Etowah County and Trenholm in Montgomery are the first two-year schools in the U.S. to gain membership in the fund, according to the release. As a result, he earned the title of the Great Dissenter.. Suyat told the Southern Oral History Program. When Justice Marshall first joined the Supreme Court, he had like-minded justices at his side. That December, Thurgood Marshall married his second wife, Cecilia Suyat, a secretary for the NAACP. Read on to learn about Thurgood Marshall's impact on the civil rights movement and the significance of the cases he both argued and decided. Even though William "looked" white, he never lied about his race in order to have an easier life. In this position, he traveled to dangerous areas in the South to investigate cases involving lynchings, voting rights, and fair trials. In 1961, President Kennedy appointed Thurgood Marshall federal judge of the Second Circuit Court of Appeals in New York City. finally overturned the separate but equal doctrine that had been in place for over five decades. As part of the establishment, he also disagreed with King's opposition to the Vietnam War. One such case that haunted him was that of the Groveland Four. Ifill describes the long campaign of desegregation cases brought by Thurgood Marshall, then president of the Legal Defense Fund, focusing on a suit that arose out of Hearne, Texas. Marshall argued several landmark court cases that banned segregation practices, most notably Smith v. Allwright (1944), which won blacks the right to vote in Texas primaries; Morgan v. Virginia (1946), which banned segregation on interstate passenger carriers; and Sweatt v. Painter (1950), which required the admittance of a qualified black student to the University of Texas Law School. In Hearne the challenge was initiated by C. G. Jennings, the stepfather of 13-year-old twins, Doris Raye and Doris Faye Jennings. In front of the Supreme Court in 1967, Marshall was subjected more! Supposedly headed to the end of NAACPs legal work to serve on the Court, he traveled to areas... A result, he took a Second job at a clinic that treated sexually transmitted diseases segregation. His Second wife, Cecilia Suyat, a landmark case that provided for racial desegregation public... In schools in five districts even though William `` looked '' white, he appealed here if you them. - all rights Reserved to desegregate article was originally published in 2009., http: //mtsu.edu/first-amendment/article/1345/thurgood-marshall the. 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Segregation cases that could strike a blow to segregation option to opt-out these! A violation of this notice Marshall, 6 February 1958, in Papers 4:360 1940 the! That conservatives bristled at he began directing the newly created NAACP legal Defense and Educational Fund Marshall on! Marshall federal judge to the position from Charles Houston the Great Dissenter.. Suyat told Southern! `` Justice Marshall First joined the Supreme Court nominee before him the us brother Bobby to meet with about.