More details about the event here. After the Lindbergh baby was kidnapped in March 1932 and transported across state lines, congress passed the Federal Kidnapping Act on June 22, 1932, but it was commonly called The Lindbergh Kidnapping Law. We may be a bit BIASed, but we think tomorrows Wonder of the Day is just great! That is what he gave us when he was on the bench., RELATED: Thurgood Marshall on civil rights after Brown v Board. You don't want to see her grow up like that and ditching school because she has to take care of an unexpected baby. As depicted in the film, Marshall attended college with Langston Hughes, who he remained friends with after college. Hed been in the FBIs sights beforebut now Marshall was well aware he was being spied on. The NAACP's winter newsletter acknowledged the importance of the Spell case, saying, "the large number of Negro domestics who will be directly affected by this case and will suffer unless we do all in our power to secure justice for Spell," suggesting the threat to domestic workers job security was as important to the NAACP as clearing Spell's name (via Legal Affairs). How Can I Make a Reservation to Go Through Security. So the two went down to the car and began having sex, until the fear of being impregnated overtook her, writes biographer Juan Williams in Thurgood Marshall: American Revolutionary. Lorraine Boissoneault Then in 1967 Johnson put Marshall on the Supreme Court. possibility of American democracy. He received his law degree from Howard University in 1933. Dignified and solemn in manner, but blessed with a sense of President Lyndon Johnson (19081973) as solicitor general. It was a major moment in his career, records historians, because he wasnt a fan of giving such addresses. Thurgood Marshall, who was born on July 2, 1908, was the first African American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme. The civil rights movement had plenty of enemies. But perhaps the movements most powerful enemywas the Federal Bureau of Investigation, which spied on, meddled with and targeted civil rights leaders for decades. The NAACPs interactions with the FBI were politically savvy,writeshistorian David J. Garrow. Who are we talking about? Find History on Facebook (Opens in a new window), Find History on Twitter (Opens in a new window), Find History on YouTube (Opens in a new window), Find History on Instagram (Opens in a new window), Find History on TikTok (Opens in a new window), Al Pucci/NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images, https://www.history.com/news/thurgood-marshall-had-a-secret-relationship-with-the-fbi, Thurgood Marshall Had a Secret Relationship with the FBI. Then in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson appointed him as the first African-American justice to serve on the Supreme Court. (Though they did not include the NAACP, there was significant crossover within the movement.). There wasthe KKK, which bombed black churches and harassed protesters. However, the school turned him down. This is your democracy. When a police sergeant asked the doctor about his examination of Strubing, the doctor responded that he didnt find anything to take a smear ofmeaning Spells semenwhich Marshall and Friedman used to argue that shed had some sort of arrangement with Spell. When his secret relationship with the FBI was revealed by reporters after the justices death, it seemed like that might be the case. Then the pair had gone for a drive that ended when an agitated Strubing ran away from him, Spell said. The University of Maryland Law School was named Marshall became director of the NAACP's Marshall repeatedly contacted the agent with secret reports about people likeRobert Williams, a militant civil rights leader who encouraged the more mainstream movement to take up arms to gain African-American rights. His name was There were countlessWhite Citizens Councils: groups of segregationists that secretly tracked the movements of civil rights leaders and worked to counter voter registration drives and school integration. University of Maryland Law School, to which he had been denied admission But when the full extent of his involvement with the FBI became clear in the 1990s, historians and friends came to his defense. But Thurgood Marshall trafficked in miracles.. Charles Hamilton Houston, Dean of the Law School at Howard University and Marshalls mentor, passed Marshalls legal strategy to him. African Americans all over the nation still act like they're being picked on and just do the "poor me" thing. Only two years later, he passed away from heart failure. However, he personally did not argue cases in which he had previously ended the practice once and for all. They never even made it to trial, Haygood says. As a pantheonic civil rights figure, Marshall is best remembered for arguing Brown v Board of Education (1954), which struck a decisive blow against racial segregation in public schools, and for his later, historic ascent to the bench itself. Reginald Hudlin told The Guardian in a phone interview, "The thing about Thurgood Marshall is his whole life is incredible. Marshalls lineage teaches us that we cannot be distracted, dissuaded or disparaged by what is happening in the moment, Austin-Hillery said. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. bachelor's degree, he enrolled in the law school at Howard First, he . Starring Chadwick Boseman, Josh Gad, Kate Hudson Questioning the Story: Was Thurgood Marshall really friends with poet Langston Hughes? the Wonder of the Day via email or SMS. HISTORY The True Story Behind "Marshall" What really happened in the trial featured in the new biopic of future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall Lorraine Boissoneault October 6, 2017 New York: Oxford University Press, 1994. For while the later decades of his career found Marshall enrobed as the countrys first African American supreme court justice, in his early years he had virtually lived from a suitcase, crossing the country as an activist lawyer known for defending innocent black men from a system of white justice that craved their freedom and their blood. It ended the schools practice of rejecting students based on race. his seat in 1991. Thurgood Marshall lived an inspiring life. Making Constitutional Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall was an American lawyer who was appointed as an associate justice of the Supreme Court in 1967. hi my name is dashawn i think he is a very nice man, Yea, but, think about the other side of abortion. He argued cases throughout the south and had to stay in peoples home because staying in a hotel was too dangerous. from the Supreme Court because of to ill health. Born in Baltimore in 1908, Marshall was the son of a steward and a kindergarten teacher. Wil Haygood will appear in conversation with Reginald Hudlin, director of Marshall, at the National Museum of African American History and Culture on Saturday, October 7 at 7p.m. environment, the right of appeal of persons convicted of drug charges, When Strubing answered the door, she was wearing nothing but a silk robe and invited Spell in, telling him shed be happy to help him. The most famous was y the time the US supreme court banned the death penalty in cases of adult rape, in 1977, Thurgood Marshall had been a justice on the court for 10 years. At the time of the trial, The Daily News reported Mrs. Strubing awaited the verdict in her home, "waxing floors, knitting and doing other manual work prescribed by her doctor" (per Legal Affairs). Were it not for him, the number would have been even higher. In real life, Marshall, Friedman, the judge, and the jury all received hate mail, including death threats and graphic pictures of lynchings during the Spell trial (per Legal Affairs). Spell, worried she might hurt herself if he attempted to pursue her any further, finally left. And the titular character, played by Chadwick Boseman, seems more than deserving of a Hollywood biopic, says Wil Haygood, the author of Showdown: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court Nomination That Changed America. Thurgood Marshall served on the bench of our nation's highest court (the U.S. Supreme Court) from October 1967 to October 1991. Improved homework resources designed to support a variety of curriculum subjects and standards. Sometimes, he brought young Thurgood with him. law) in 1933, Marshall practiced in Baltimore until 1938. That experience, and his determination that the Constitution be applied equally to all, informed his future career. Get HISTORYs most fascinating stories delivered to your inbox three times a week. As a black man growing up in the American South under Jim Crow, Marshall was more than familiar with the discrimination that sparked the civil rights movement. IE 11 is not supported. The Spell case was a tabloid bonanza. The stakes in Connecticut were high, but for once they were not life-and-death. Autherine Lucy and Thurgood Marshall, her lawyer, entering the NAACP office for a press conference. Last modified March 7, 2021, Your email address will not be published. His father, a writer and waiter, was deeply interested in the law. Marshall was the architect of the defense strategy, mentoring Friedman, who specialized in civil insurance law. Weve been busy, working hard to bring you new features and an updated design. progressive majority that voted to uphold a woman's right to What really happened in the trial featured in the new biopic of future Supreme Court Justice Thurgood Marshall. The U.S. Navy: 9 Major Things You Need To Know, 12 Fascinating Facts to Know About U.S. President John Tyler, The Boston Massacre: The American Revolution, Major Achievements of Sandra Day OConnor, Roe v. Wade: Origin Story, Ruling, & Influence, Supreme Court of the United States: History and Major Facts. | It wasnt just the cases, it was also the travel, the things he had to do, the constant negotiation of Jim Crow and what could you say and not say, and what could you do and not do. Judge Foster (James Cromwell) didn't concede, but compromised, allowing Marshall to consult and sit at the defense table, but barred him from speaking in court. And while Marshall was fully invested in the more theoretically difficult cases to do with education and segregation, he was more than happy to take on clients like Joseph Spell. When the trial began in January 1941, pitting Friedman and Marshall against a prosecutor who described Spell as a lust-mad Negro who stalked his victim like a panther, the Bridgeport Herald branded it the most sensational sex mystery in history. this post Marshall successfully defended the United States in a number primary elections; He retired in 1991. We are not there by a long shot., Which is why Powell is concerned about the language of withdrawing that is so prevalent in the airwaves today from Brexit to Make America Great Again., The wounded tend to retreat when they are wounded and that is what we are seeing. The Story of Thurgood Marshall: Justice for All. As a Supreme Court justice, Marshall continued to support equal rights for Blacks. Imagine if Marshall was distracted, dissuaded or disparaged by things happening in the moment. But sometimes, as Marshalls work proves, those narratives get toppled. Now don't get me wrong. In C3.D2.Civ.12, C3.D2.Civ.14, CCRA.R.4, CCRA.L.3, CCRA.L.6, CCRA.R.2, CCRA.R.10, CCRA.R.1, CCRA.SL.1, CCRA.L.1, CCRA.W.2, CCRA.SL.1, CCRA.L.2, CCRA.SL.3. Roosevelt (18581919) but had lived to see African Americans rise | READ MORE, Lorraine Boissoneault is a contributing writer to SmithsonianMag.com covering history and archaeology. He actually was appointed to a post at the White House during the Clinton Administration, serving as an assistant to the president and the White House cabinet secretary from 1997 to 2001. In the film, both Marshall and Friedman are attacked by groups of men and physically assaulted. Thurgood Marshall was an American civil rights lawyer, solicitor general, She claimed her chauffeur had raped her four times, kidnapped her, forced her to write a ransom note for $5,000 and then thrown her off a bridge. Education, Politics, and Protest, https://www.britannica.com/summary/Thurgood-Marshall, Supreme Court of the United States summary, Brown v. Board of Education (of Topeka) summary. He had this vision of transforming society. Writer Will Haygood told Smithsonian Magazine, "He [Marshall] was the one black lawyer in this country in the modern pre-Civil Rights era who always had the big picture in mind. As a member of the group, Marshall founded its legal defense fund, acted as its chief legal counsel for a time, and regularly defended it in court. Of course, this would come in handy later in his career. After graduating from law school, Marshall started working on civil rights cases to fight for equality for African Americans. (1946), which outlawed the state's policy of segregation as it Tell everybody about Wonderopolis and its wonders. governs law and that must be passed before one is allowed to practice It is suggested (in the film) Mrs. Strubing was lonely and sad. He authorized his agents to expose, disrupt, misdirect, discredit and otherwise neutralize various civil rights-focused organizations. But Marhsall was born on July 2, 1908, in Maryland, a time when Black people were discriminated against in southern states. Be the first to know! He also opposed the death penalty. as "the bottom" in terms of his commitment to African Marshall, he said, had a radical vision of integration and of the law. He enjoyed family life with In 1941, Marshall was sent to Greenwich, Connecticut, by the NAACP to represent a Black chauffeur, Joseph Spell (Sterling K. Brown), who was accused of the attempted murder and rape of his boss, a white socialite named Eleanor Strubing (Kate Hudson). October 13, 2017 9:00 AM EDT. Thurgood Marshall was a civil rights lawyer who used the courts to fight Jim Crow and dismantle segregation in the U.S. Marshall was a towering figure who became the nation's first Black United States Supreme Court Justice. I can't tell you the things they said" (via Legal Affairs). It was a long term game plan focused on changing the legal system of the future.. As a lead lawyer for the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), beginning in the late 1930s, Marshall would leave his home in Harlem, get a train from Pennsylvania Station and ride for days into hostile territory:Oklahoma, Florida, Texas, Tennessee. As reported by Legal Affairs and addressed in the film, after Spell was arrested, Greenwich families began firing their domestic workers. How old would they be? Marshall and other civil rights leaders knew that being associated with Communists at the height of the Red Scare would diminish the organizations credibility and damage its reputation. Youve matched all of the definitions correctly. And it still happens. admitted to practice before the U.S. Supreme Court, the U.S. Supreme Court. Mrs. As a practicing. Justice Marshall had been born during the administration of Theodore to positions of power and influence in America. Jack and Rebekah for contributing questions about todays Wonder topic! well in his later legal career. Thurgood Marshall. Choose a language from the menu above to view a computer-translated version of this page. John A. Powell agrees. Powell, who is Director of the Haas Institute for a Fair and Inclusive Society at the University of California-Berkley, had the pleasure of meeting Marshall once. Michael Koskoff, a trial lawyer from Connecticut who wrote the screenplay with his son Jacob, told Script, "We had some information from Sam Friedman We had notes from Thurgood Marshall that he made during the trial and notes from Sam Friedman. From Left to Right: Josh Gad, Chadwick Boseman and Sterling K. Brown in Marshall film. (1924) occupied the White House were a time of sadness for Thurgood Marshall was the first African American to serve as a justice (judge) on the U.S. Supreme Court . Arthur, Joe. As shown in the film, Thurgood Marshall had already departed Bridgeport for his next case, the murder trial of William Douglas Lyons, in Oklahoma. His father, a writer and waiter, was deeply interested in the law. Marshall strongly supported equal rights for African Americans. Let's put it like this-that girl was in school and wanted to achieve her dreams and go to college and etc. With white men and colored women, however, the unwritten law is usually forgotten" (per Smithsonian Magazine). Although the NAACP only represented innocent clients, because of the sixth amendment everyone is guaranteed legal representation in the United States, regardless of guilt or innocence. Lyons' murder trial was depicted in the film as taking place before the Spell trial, but in reality, Marshall defended Lyons immediately after Joseph Spell. It takes a lot of experience and education to be a Supreme Court Justice. Hoover eventargeted Martin Luther King, Jr., hounding him, collecting salacious information they might use to eventually discredit him, and continuing their baseless investigations long after it was clear that he presented no threat. Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court This suggests they may have invented the domestic abuse angle to support Spell's story. the U.S. Constitution. How Did the British Save Children From the Nazis? Board of Education, a monumental 1954 landmark Supreme Court decision that literally changed the course of 20th-century America. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. African American soldiers convicted by U.S. Army courts-martial had not (1944), which gave African Americans the right to vote in Democratic And it took a lot of courage. He wrote a brief concurrence in the case, Coker v Georgia, citing his opposition to the death penalty, which then as now disproportionately targeted African American men. This is your democracy. And he had to do things like challenge the local practices of segregation, come into a courtroom, call white people as witnesses, cross-examine them. But when I say hes extraordinary, I include his intelligence, his sense of strategy, and his talent as just a brilliant trial lawyer. Omissions? Hudlin's film "Marshall," captures the spirit of this historical figure and realistically depicts the early years of his fight for civil rights and racial justice through the obscure trial, The State of Connecticut v. Joseph Spell. In 1923, the black Florida town of Rosewood was destroyed, its residents massacred, after a black man was accused of raping a white woman. Tushnet, Mark V. Making Civil Rights Law: Thurgood Marshall and the Supreme Court 1936-1961. ", When Thurgood Marshall and Sam Friedman represented Joseph Spell in 1941, men were still being executed for rape convictions. failure to report for and submit to service in the U.S. armed forces, According to the Associated Press, the jury deliberated for 13 hours. Then, in 1967, President Lyndon B. Johnson nominated him to become a Supreme Court justice. None of the cases he fought, none of the cases he took to the Supreme Court, none of those cases would have occurred. He took on many cases that challenged segregation and discrimination. And what he did took an incredible amount of courage. The first African American to sit on the highest court is the subject of a film that retells his relentless and epochal quest to achieve racial justice in America. All of a sudden she's pregnant because she was abused or assaulted sexually. Thurgood Marshall made history by becoming the first African American Supreme Court Justice. Files from the era show that the bureau monitored the group closely, even wiretapping its members and asking for personal denouncements from their associates. For those who knew him or have studied him, the film sheds a light on a Marshall they were familiar with. I don't know. He was a lawyer, a leader, and the first Black person to serve on the Supreme Court. Marshall was on the FBIs radar because of his membership in the NLG. In 1940, he lived with his common-law wife, Virgis Clark, at the Strubing residence where they both were domestic workers (per Smithsonian Magazine). Please be respectful of copyright. As punishment for a prank, the principal made Thurgood read (and he also memorized) the entire U.S. Constitution. Marshall founded LDF in 1940 and served as its first Director-Counsel. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the terms of our cookie policy, which can be found in our, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People. Marshall retired in 1991. Thats what people dont know and are missing about Marshall.. ), U.S. jurist and civil-rights advocate. He later told the magazine, "I wouldn't do the Thurgood Marshall, attorney for the National. Morgan Pass it on." "None . He wrote a brief concurrence in the case. Tushnet, Mark V. Thurgood was raised by his father, William, who was a steward at a local private club, and his mother Norma, who taught kindergarten (viaBiography). constitutional precedents (examples to help justify similar decisions in Maybe youll sit on the Supreme Court someday, too! Cookies help us deliver our Services. Thurgood Marshall. This act made kidnapping someone across state lines a federal crime, which could face the death penalty. When Marshall had gone to Connecticut to help with the defense of Joseph Spell, one thing that his co-counsel would remember years later was a lunch that they had where Marshall says, Its just amazing to be in a place where I dont have to fear for my life, Sharfstein said. Marshall's mother was a teacher and helped Thurgood understand the importance of learning. won by him. Now solicitor general of the United States, Marshall talks on the phone in his Department of Justice office in December 1965. A year earlier he had been (Haygood also wrote the Washington Post article, later turned into a book, that was the basis for 2013s biopic The Butler). In 1933 he graduated from Howard University Law School in Washington, D.C. Make it. change) on the Supreme Court declined. According to Legal Affairs, Marshall secured Lyons a life sentence rather than a death sentence, despite overwhelming evidence of his innocence and the fact Lyons' false confession was coerced through multiple beatings. Hudlin, the director of House Party, Boomerang and The Ladies Man, is good at superhero stories, with a series of Black Panther graphic novels to his credit and a comics-inspired movie, Shadowman, in the works. Some of the important cases he I mean, pretend it's your daughter. As a lawyer, Marshall helped create the NAACP Legal Defense Fund, the first public interest law firm devoted entirely to identifying cases that would change society, not just help a particular plaintiff, writes political scientist Peter Dreier. Several times, he was required to read the U.S. Constitution after breaking rules. Passing the Maryland bar exam (an exam that is given by the body that This well-intended punishment would serve him Before this case, the law allowed states to have separate schools for whites and Blacks. As he told Sam Friedman in the film, Marshall was denied admission to Maryland because of his race. He fought for civil rights. The FBIs attacks on civil rights didnt just focus on groups it considered extreme. As reported by The New York Times on December 12, 1940, agents from the Hartford branch of the FBI were brought in on the case because Eleanor Strubing was allegedly taken across state lines against her will, where she was found near the Kensico Reservoir, one mile from Armonk, New York. In 1935, Houston was the director of the NAACP Legal Defense and Education Fund, working closely with Marshall (per US Courts). And how you build a lineage of case law on a series of cases, not just one case at a time. Todays Wonder of the Day was inspired by Sophie from Columbia, SC. opinions (statements issued by a judge) covered such areas as the Strubing said sometime later he took her to the reservoir, pushed her off the bridge, and threw rocks at her, leaving after he saw her coat floating in the water. U.S. Supreme Court. This week marked the 109th birthday of Thurgood Marshall, the first African-American to be appointed to the highest court in America. Interested in sharing Wonderopolis every day? and the rights of Native Americans. Marshall grew up in a segregated society. In "Marshall" Spell was dishonorably discharged from the military, and the prosecutor Loren Willis (Dan Stevens) used this against Spell to establish a pattern of questionable behavior during the trial. of jobs to pay his tuition. His appeal arguments led to reduced sentences for Bethesda, Maryland On 6 February 1958, King wrote Marshall to express his gratitude for Marshall's efforts in the Montgomery bus boycott: "We will remain eternally grateful to you and your staff for the great work you have done . Joseph Spell, just freed of a charge of rape, is in need of a job. Black people are amazing, but they have their faults. San Diego: Lucent Books, 1997. Marshall strongly supported equal rights for African Americans. He was concerned for the people. Keep reading to learn everything "Marshall" doesn't tell you about the true story. He was convinced I was responsible for routing the commies out of the NAACP, and I did,said Marshall in an interview. Thurgood was also known as a prankster, a personality trait we see highlighted in the film "Marshall." Association's Russwurm Medal (1948), and the Living Makers of She has been a regular contributor to History.com since 2017. Spingarn Medal (1946), the Negro Newspaper Publisher The FBI, Marshall thought, might help shield the NAACP in exchange for information about Communists (and, perhaps, focus on other organizations instead). Thurgood Marshall, (born July 2, 1908, Baltimore, Md., U.S.died Jan. 24, 1993, Bethesda, Md. Whenever He went right to work. For this one, it's the spirit of the man" (per The Hollywood Reporter). Americans. We are undergoing some spring clearing site maintenance and need to temporarily disable the commenting feature. 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In need of a charge of rape, is in need of a sudden she 's pregnant because she abused... Office in December 1965 to your inbox three times a week addressed the! Education, a writer and waiter, was the first African American to be appointed to the U.S. Supreme justice. In need of a job for rape convictions then in 1967, Lyndon. In an interview History.com since 2017 with Langston Hughes Spell in 1941, men were still being for... Marshall was the son what did thurgood marshall do a charge of rape, is in need a! Resources designed to support equal rights for Blacks segregation as it tell everybody about Wonderopolis and its wonders act kidnapping... Of his race administration of Theodore to positions of power and influence in America this... 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