The listening. We can hold large amounts of unsorted visual information but only for about a tenth of a second. Respondingsometimes referred to as feedbackis the fifth and final stage of the listening process. Author Joseph DeVito has divided the listening process into five stages: receiving, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding (2000). Give an example of a time when you felt that your message was misunderstood or you felt as though the listener dismissed it. An effective listener must hear and identify the speech sounds directed toward them, understand the message of those sounds, critically evaluate or assess that message, remember whats been said, and respond (either verbally or nonverbally) to information theyve received. There is little doubt that by now, you are beginning to understand the complexity of listening and the great potential for errors. This page titled 5.2: Five Stages of Listening is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Lisa Coleman, Thomas King, & William Turner. Chapter 2: McCroskey and the Types of Communication, Chapter 3: The Nine Axioms of Communication, Chapter 5: Aristotle and the Modes of Appeal, Chapter 6: Bitzer and The Rhetorical Situation, Chapter 7: Booth and The Rhetorical Stance, Chapter 9: The Basic Elements of a Sentence, Chapter 22: The Rhetorical Nature of Reports, Chapter 23: Report Planning and Choosing a Topic, Chapter 24: Using Rhetorical Theory to Write Your Report, Chapter 25: Finding and Evaluating Research Sources, Chapter 26: Strategies For Conducting Research, Chapter 27: Quoting, Paraphrasing, and Summarizing Sources, Chapter 31: The Rhetorical Nature of Public Speaking, Chapter 35: Speech Feedback and Evaluation, Appendix D: Understanding and Documenting Information, Appendix E: Academic Integrity and the Professional Space. Impiaris name reminds me of the Impala my father drives.. Step 1: Face the speaker and maintain eye contact. For example, say you have made plans with your friends to meet at a certain movie theater, but you arrive and nobody else shows up. The fourth stage in the listening process is evaluating, or judging the value of the message. As stimuli are organized and interpreted, they make their way to short-term memory where they either expire and are forgotten or are transferred to long-term memory. If a listener has a strong bias against foreign accents, the listener may not even attempt to attend to the message. Appendix 3: Tips for Effective Business Texting and Emails. However, students in your class might misunderstand the instructors meaning in several ways. The listening process involves four stages: receiving, understanding, evaluating, and responding. Canada is the second largest country in the world, second only to Russia. Explain the remembering stage of listening. 3.3: Spoken versus Written Communication: What's the Difference? SIX STAGES OF LISTENING PROCESS: hearing, attending, understanding, remembering, evaluating, and responding. (Image: Pixabay license) Receiving The remembering stage of listening is when a listener either places information into long-term memory or forgets the information presented. Receiving is the intentional focus on hearing a speakers message, which happens when we filter out other sources so that we can isolate the message and avoid the confusing mixture of incoming stimuli. Luckily for Otis, dogs have exceptional hearing. DeVito, J. You may immediately understand the words and sentences that you are hearing, but not immediately understand what the lecturer is proving or whether what youre hearing at the moment is the main point, side note, or digression. Review the article from the NPR broadcast, Think Youre Multitasking? The opposite kind of feedback is given by students who gather their belongings and rush out the door as soon as class is over. Noise resulting from the individual context like stress and anger interfere primarily with the cognitive processes of listening. Moreover, if something distracts your attention even for a moment, you could miss out on information that explains other new concepts you hear when you begin to listen fully again. Having the ability to interpret a persons body language lets the listener develop a more accurate understanding of the speakers message. Although we dont often think about visual cues as a part of listening, they influence how we interpret messages. Listening is an active process that constructs meaning from both verbal and nonverbal messages. Remembering begins with listening; if you cant remember something that was said, you might not have been listening effectively. Explain the understanding stage of listening. We attempt to keep our minds from wandering, from thinking about what we need to do next. In the office, people listen to their superiors for instructions about what they are to do. Insulated Listening ignoring or avoiding information or certain topics of conversation (the opposite of selective listening). Regardless of how were engaged with listening, its important to understand that listening involves more than just hearing the words that are directed at us. Even when we have understood the words in a message, because of the differences in our backgrounds and experience, we sometimes make the mistake of attaching our own meanings to the words of others. Why? As the speaker delivers the message, a listener signals his or her involvement with focused attention, note-taking, nodding, and othernonverbal behaviors that indicate understanding or failure to understand the message. Effective Professional Communication: A Rhetorical Approach by Rebekah Bennetch; Corey Owen; and Zachary Keesey is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Imagine youre listening to a speech given by someone from another country and this person has an accent that is hard to understand. Explain the remembering stage of listening. Understanding or comprehension occurs when both the speaker and audience share an experience of meaning,and constitutes the first step in the listening process. Another student might instead think that to start early is to start on the Friday before the Monday due date instead of Sunday night. Maybe youll stand up and applaud a speaker you agreed with or just sit staring in silence after listening to a speaker you didnt like. How is your Speech Different from your Report? For instance, a train passenger that hears the captains voice over the loudspeaker understands that the captain is speaking, then deciphers what the captain is saying despite other voices in the cabin. Another example is trying to listen to a friend tell a story while walking down a busy street. You can improve your memory of a message by processing it meaningfullythat is, by applying it in ways that are meaningful to you (Gluck, et al., 2008). The responding stage is the stage of the listening process wherein the listener provides verbal and/or nonverbal reactions based on short- or long-term memory. Speakers can use this feedback to decide whether additional examples, support materials, or explanation is needed. Explain the receiving stage of listening. 4.3: Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, Differences Between Verbal and Nonverbal Communication, 4.5: Functions of Nonverbal Communication, 6.3: Developing and Maintaining Friendships, 6.4: Developing and Maintaining Romantic Relationships, Developing and Maintaining Romantic Relationships. b) attending, interpreting, remembering, responding. We focus on the person talking and reduce any distractions. If another person is looking away, fidgeting, texting, or turned away, we will likely interpret those responses negatively. Explain the understanding stage of listening. Responding entails sending verbal and nonverbal messages that indicate attentiveness and understanding or a lack thereof. Some stimuli never make it in, some are filtered into subconsciousness, and others are filtered into various levels of consciousness based on their salience. Another student might instead think that to start early is to start on the Friday before the Monday due date instead of Sunday night. From our earlier discussion of the communication model, you may be able to connect this part of the listening process to feedback. These stages will be discussed in more detail in later sections. Overall, our memories are known to be fallible. Reflect on your listening in class or in other settings where remembering information is important. Active listening is a particular communication technique that requires the listener to provide feedback on what he or she hears to the speaker. For example, say you have made plans with your friends to meet at a certain movie theater, but you arrive and nobody else shows up. Finally, if understanding has been inaccurate, recollection of the message will also be inaccurate. One student might interpret the advice to mean that as long as she gets started, the rest of the assignment will have time to develop itself. For one thing, if a speaker does not enunciate clearly, it may be difficult to tell what the message wasdid your friend say, I think shell be late for class, or my teacher delayed the class? When you attend a political rally, a presentation given by a speaker you admire, or even a class, there are verbal and nonverbal ways of indicating your appreciation for or your disagreement with the messages or the speakers at the end of the message. When your professor advises students to get an early start on your speech, he or she probably hopes that you will begin your research right away and move on to developing a thesis statement and outlining the speech as soon as possible. We tend to find salient those things that are visually or audibly stimulating and those that meet our needs or interests. c) receiving, selecting, organizing, interpreting, responding, remembering. How does one frame a reply or come to a solution by listening to others? Impiaris name reminds me of the Impala my father drives.. Pseudolistening pretending to listen and appears attentive but is not listening to understand or interpret the information (listeners may respond with a smile, head-nod, or even a minimal verbal acknowledgment but are ignoring or not attending). Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback The evaluating stage of listening occurs when a listener judges the content of the message or the character of the speaker. Not all responses occurat the end of the message. If we have difficulty interpreting information, meaning we dont have previous experience or information in our existing schemata to make sense of it, then it is difficult to transfer the information into our long-term memory for later recall. The consequences of ineffective listening in a classroom can be much worse. New York: Worth Publishers, pp. What keeps you from remembering important information accurately? If we have barriers to our listening, it is important to be able to recognize them and avoid those behaviors that contribute to poor listening. If a listener has a strong bias against foreign accents, the listener may not even attempt to attend to the message. Notice in Figure 4.3 Stages of Feedback that this stage is represented by the lips because we often give feedback in the form of verbal feedback; however, you can just as easily respond nonverbally. For Effective Business Texting and Emails dismissed it reply or come to a by..., support materials, or judging the value of the communication model, you might not have been effectively... Focus on the Friday before the Monday due date instead of Sunday night also inaccurate! Be inaccurate understand the complexity of listening, they influence how we interpret.! Spoken versus Written communication: what 's the Difference model, you may be able to this... 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A part of listening, they influence how we interpret messages and reduce any distractions by.
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